The philosophy and mechanical principles of osteopathy

The Philosophy
Mechanical Principles
Osteopathy.

University of California, Irvine
Irvine, California

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THE, PHILOSOPHY

and
MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES

* -,

OSTEOPATHY.

By

ANDREW TAYLOR STILL,

Discoverer of the Science of Osteopathy ;

Founder and President of the American School of Osteopathy,
Kirksville, Adair County, Missouri.

1902.

HUDSON-KIMBERLY PUB. CO.
KANSAS CITY, Mo.

Copyright, 1892,
ANDREW TAYLOR STILL.

Preface.

In taking up a pen at my age, and assuming the re-
sponsibility of writing a book on the causes and treatment of
diseases, philosophically and in a comprehensible manner, with
words and forms to meet the demands of this enlightened age,
I feel it is a very great undertaking, and ask that the world
give me its friendly criticism. Read and adopt, or reject, as
you may feel disposed when you have perused what I may
write. I start out on this journey alone, with no compass ex-
cept my reason, and if I fail, no one will suffer for the trip
excepting myself.

A. T. S.

JANUARY i, 1902.

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CONTENTS.

PAGE.

INTRODUCTION 9

My Authorities 9

Age of Osteopathy. 9

Demand for Progress 1 1

Truth Is Truth 15

Man Is Triune 16

Trash 17

Osteopathy 18

Nature Is Health 22

Our Relation to Other Systems 24

CHAPTER I. IMPORTANT STUDIES 27

Anatomy 27

Physiology 29

Chemistry 31

Principles of Osteopathy 32

Symptomatology 33

Surgery. 34

CHAPTER II. SOME SUBSTANCES of THE BODY. 37

Two Hundred Bones .'.'."...' 37

The Brain ..'...;;. 40

Cerebro-Spinal Fluid 43

Spinal Cord 45

What Are Nerves? .' 47

Nerve Powers. . . 50

Three Conditions of the Blood-Corpuscles . . . . 51

Fluids of the Body 53

Blood 53

Disease Defined .".' 56

The Fascia 60

AnJQlustration of Conception ...'..'. .V.v 65

Lymphatics V.V. 65

Universally Distributed .... . . . . 65

Definition of the Word "Treat" . . : 69

4 . PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

PAGB.

CHAPTER III. DIVISIONS OP THE BODY 72

Mission of the Doctor 72

Five^Divisions 72

CHAPTER IV. HEAD, FACE, AND SCALP 77

Causes of Effects 77

Erysipelas 78

Baldness 79

Treatment of Erysipelas 81

CHAPTER V. THE NECK 86

Organized Substances of the Body 86

Treatment of the Neck 87

The Arm 88

Structure of the Neck 89

Croup, Diphtheria, Tonsillitis 91

Treatment of Diphtheria 97

Whooping Cough 98

CHAPTER VI. THORAX 101

Inhibition and Stimulation 101

Lungs Place, Power, and Use 102

Pneumonia 104

Consumption 105

Its Description 108

Effects 108

The Cause no

Miliary Tuberculosis in

Variety of Births 113

Lung Diseases 1 16

Found Effects 117

Digestion 1 18

Its Philosophy 119

The Heart 121

Development 122

Heart Disease 123

Causes I ^5

A Few Facts "6

Aneurisms I2 8

Rheumatism 1 3

The Internal and External Mammary Arteries 131

CONTENTS. 5

PAGE.

CHAPTER VII. DIAPHRAGM 132

New Discoveries 132

Medical Doctors 134

Importance of Splanchnics 135

The Diaphragm in Health 136

Out of Position 138

Location 139

Nervous Prostration 140

CHAPTER VIII. ABDOMEN 146

Inhibition 146

Thoracic Duct. 150

Feast of Reason 152

The Pancreas 158

Importance of Pure Blood 159

Function of^Viscera 166

The Mesentery 168

Omentum 169

Appendicitis 174

What Are Abdominal Tumors? 178

Prolapsed Viscera 180

Liver 182

Kidneys 183

Stomach 186

Process of Digestion by Electricity 188

Constipation of the Bowels 189

The Treatment of Constipation 190

CHAPTER IX PELVIS 194

Diseases of Bladder 194

Rectum 194

Uterus 197

Effects of Wounds 198

Tumors 1 99

In Health and Disease 200

Gynecology 202

Importance of a Healthy Womb 205

Nature Our School 207

Anatomical Differences 208

Our Instruments 210

Machine Gives Out . 211

6 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLED OF OSTEOPATHY.

CHAPTER DC-CONTINUED. PAGB .

Examination 211

Normal and Abnormal 213

Treatment . . 215

Whites, Leucorrhoea 217

Dropsy 218

Cause of Uterine Disturbances 219

Less Haste with the Knife 221

Tumefaction '. 223

CHAPTER X. FEVERS 225

What Are Fevers? 225

Drugs a Failure 225

An Array of Truths 227

Begin with Facts 228

On Fire 229

Perfection in Nature 231

Degrees of Heat 232

Potter's Definition 234

Fever's Only Effects 235

Result of Stoppage of Vein or Artery 237

Fevers Are Fevers 237

Go to the Spine 239

Congestion, etc 241

Look for Lesions 242

Summer and Winter Diseases 243

Pedigree of Fevers 245

Most Dreaded 245

Temperature 246

CHAPTER XI. BIOGEN 248

Development and Progress 248

Origin of Action 249

Forces Combined 251

Matter in the Atom 254

The Visible and Invisible 256

Man Is Eternal 258

Advent of Man 260

Survival of the Weakest 260

Mental Dwarfs 265

CONTENTS 7

PAGE.

CHAPTER XII. SMALLPOX 269

Origin of Contagious Diseases 271

The Use of Vaccine 274

Jenner's Command Not Heeded 276

Credit Where Credit Is Due 277

Dangers of Vaccination 278

Stand Ready for the Fight 279

Victory in a New Germicide 281

What Smallpox Does 282

Treatment of Smallpox 284

Good Nursing 286

Measles , . . 288

A Comparison 289

Scarlet Fever 290

CHAPTER XIII. OBESITY 291

CHAPTER XIV. EAR-WAX AND ITS USES 294

Nature Makes Nothing in Vain 294

CHAPTER XV. CONVULSIONS 3 02

Old Systems Unreliable 302

Fits 303

Rib Dislocations 306

CHAPTER XVI. OBSTETRICS 308

Morning Sickness 308

Cause 309

Treatment 309

Development of Foetus 310

Preparation 312

Caution 312

First Examination 313

Second Examination 313

Care of Cord 3*4

Severing of Cord 3 1 5

Dressing Cord 3 J 5

Delivery of Afterbirth 3*5

Care of Mother 3*6

Post-Delivery Hemorrhage 3 1 ?

Treatment 3 1 ?

Diet 318

Treatment of the Breast 3*8

Introduction.

MY AUTHORITIES.

I quote no authors but God and experience. Books com-
piled by medical authors can be of little use to us, and it would
be very foolish of us to look to them for advice and instruction on
a science of which they know nothing. They are not able to
give an intelligent explanation of their own composite theories,
and they have never been asked to advise us. I am free to say
that only a few persons who have been pupils of my school
have tried to get wisdom from medical writers and apply it to
any part of osteopathy's philosophy or practice. The student
of any philosophy succeeds best by the more simple methods
of reasoning. We reason for necessary knowledge only, and
should try to start out with as many known facts and as few
false theories as possible.

Anatomy is taught in our school more thoroughly than in
any other school, because we want the student to carry a living
picture of all or any part of the body in his mind, as an artist
carries the mental picture of the face, scenery, beast, or any-
thing that he wishes to represent by his brush. I constantly
urge my students to keep their minds full of pictures of the
normal body.

F OSTEOPATHY.
In answer to the question, " How long have you been
teaching this discovery ?" I will say: I began to give reasons
for my faith in the laws of life as given to men, worlds, and
beings by the God of Nature, in April, 1855. I thought the

10 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

swords and cannons of Nature were pointed and trained upon
our systems of drug doctoring. Among others, I asked Dr.
J. M. Neal, of Edinburgh, Scotland, for some information that I
needed badly. He was a medical doctor, a man of keen mental
abilities, who would give his opinions freely and to the point.
The only thing that made me doubt that he was a Scotchman
was that he loved whisky, and I had been told that the Scotch
were a sensible people. John M. Neal said that drugs were
bait for fools ; that the practice of medicine was no science,
and the system of drugs was only a trade, followed by the
doctor for the money that could be obtained by it from the
ignorant sick. He believed that Nature was a law capable of
vindicating its power to cure.

I will not worry your patience with a list of the names of
authors that have written upon the subject of drugs as remedial
agents. I will use the word that the theologian often uses when
asked for whom Christ died : the answer universally is, "All."
I began to realize the power of Nature to cure after a skillful
correction of conditions causing abnormalities had been accom-
plished so as to bring forth pure and healthy blood, the greatest
known germicide. With this faith and by this method of rea-
soning, I began to treat diseases by osteopathy as an exper-
iment; and notwithstanding I obtained good results in all
diseases, I hesitated for years to proclaim my discovery. But
at last I took my stand on this rock, where I have stood and
fought the battles and taken the enemy's flag in every engage-
ment for the last twenty-nine years.

Columbus had to navigate much and long, and meet many
storms, because he had not the written experience of other
travelers to guide him. He had only a few bits of driftwood,
not common to his native country, to cause him to move as he
did. But there was the fact, a bit of wood that did not grow
on his home soil. He reasoned that it must be from some land

INTRODUCTION. 1 1

amid the sea, whose shores were not known to his race. With
these facts and his powerful mind of reason, he met all opposi-
tion, and moved alone, just as all men do who have no use for
theories as a compass to guide them through the storms. This
opposition a mental explorer must meet. I felt that I must
anchor my boat to living truths and follow them wheresoever
they might drift. Thus I launched my boat many years ago on
the open seas, and have never found a wave of scorn nor abuse
that truth could not ride and overcome.

DEMAND FOR PROGRESS.

The twentieth century demands that advance in the heal-
ing arts should be one of the leading objects of the day and
generation, because of the truth that the advancement in
that profession has not been in line with other professions.
The present schools of medicine are injurious schools of drunken
systems that are creating morphine, whisky, and other drug-
taking habits, to the shame and disgrace of the advancement
and intelligence of the age. A wisely formulated substitute
should be given before it is everlastingly too late. The people
become diseased now as in other days, and to heal them suc-
cessfully without making opium fiends and whisky sots for
life should call for and get the best attention that the mind
of man can give.

This work is written for the student of osteopathy; writ-
ten to assist him to think before he acts, to reason for and hunt
the cause in all cases before he treats; for on his ability to
find the cause depends his success in relieving and curing
the afflicted.

With the posted osteopath all the old systems of treating
diseases are relegated to the waste-basket and marked "Obso-
lete ' ' He must remember that the American School, of Oste-
opathy does not teach him to cure by drugs, but to adjust

12 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

deranged systems from a false condition to the truly normal,
that blood may reach the affected parts and relieve by the
powers that belong to pure blood. The osteopath must re-
member that his first lesson is anatomy, his last lesson is anat-
omy, and all his lessons are anatomy.

LIKE THE APPRENTICE.

He is like an apprentice who wishes to learn the trade
of a carpenter. The carpenter's first instruction or his first
lesson begins with the framework of the house. His instruct-
or begins at the foundation, and he is positive and emphatic
that it must be very solid, it must be perfectly square and level.
Then his instructor, after having finished the foundation, tells
him that his next lesson will be lectures and demonstrations
on the sills, which have to be long enough to reach the whole
length of the foundation walls. He saws off, splits and laps,
and completes one corner of the building, and then proceeds
to finish in like manner the remaining three corners, having
fastened together and squared them by the mathematical
rule of 6, 8, and 10, well known to builders as the rule for
obtaining a perfect square. At this time the instructor
begins to teach the apprentice the importance of a good foun-
dation. After finishing this instructive lecture, he tells the
apprentice to observe the rule that must be followed to pre-
pare this sill for the studding or ribs that are to stand firmly
fixed and fastened to the sill upon the foundations. These
ribs are intended to hold up the first and overhead floors,
which are supported by joists extending from side to side of
the building. The apprentice soon finds or is told that there
must be a sill or wall-plate at the upper extremity of the stud-
ding, to receive rafters and roof with all weights thereunto be-
longing. Still the young man is not a carpenter, which he
will observe when directed to put on the siding in a workman-

INTRODUCTION 13

like manner. Instruction is equally important at this stage
of construction. He will find that his first and many other
boards that he puts on according to his own judgment are
condemned and ordered pulled off by the master mechanic,
because they do not meet the requirements of the plans and
specifications. On his next examination the siding looks
and shows well, and the young man smiles with the thought
that he has pleased the old man once, and exclaims, "How
will that do, boss?" which is answered by, "Did you forget
to countersink the nails?" The young fellow says, "Oh, I
did forget that." At this time the boss says to the appren-
tice, "Notify the painter that one side of the house is ready
for him." The boss is now ready to give instruction in ref-
erence to the windows, which are to be raised and lowered
both from above and below by ropes and pulleys. He as-
sists the apprentice with a few of them, as this is a very impor-
tant part of the work. Then he instructs and trusts the ap-
prentice to proceed with the balance of the windows, and
orders him to report when he has finished one. On inspec-
tion the boss says, "O. K. ; go on." He opens the plans and
specifications and says, "We will now lay the permanent
floors," gives a few instructions, adjusts a few boards, and
tells the apprentice to go on with the work. After a time,
the boss workman brings in the plans and specifications to
ascertain whether the work is proceeding according to the
plans, which read that the floors in all joints, both side and
end, shall be keyed and squared to a perfect fit. He says
to the apprentice: "There is a crack one-eighth of an inch
all along this side of this board; and several boards do not
meet at the ends because they have not been cut to the square.
They will not be received nor paid for, because they have not
been laid according to the plans and specifications ; we will
have to tear them up, and lose time, lumber, and nails. ' ! At

! I4 PHILOSOPHY ANDRpl/es OP OSTEOPATHY.

this time the boss gives instruction in the use of the tri-square
and saw, with these words, "I want you to pay special atten-
tion and make all boards fit both at side and end." As we
wish to stop further detailing, we will say that this rigidity
in following the plans and specifications must be kept up un-
til the last nail is driven, and as the house approaches closer
to the finish there is a still greater demand for exactness, and
the penalty is greater for omissions. There is just the same
perfection of work demanded of the plumber, electrician,
and plasterer as there was of the apprentice in the laying of
the foundation and adjusting the framework. I have given
this homely, well-known, everyday illustration in order to
rivet on the mind of the student the working hypothesis that
he is also an inspector, and, as an osteopath, he is to judge
and adjust all defects or variations from the abnormal to the
normal, as found in the plans and specifications for the healthy
human body. The student begins this study with the bony
framework of the house in which life dwells. He has found
that the foundation and all parts have been wisely planned
and definitely specified, when he thinks of that phrase found in
Holy Writ which reads, ' ' Let us make man. ' ' That, to the stu-
dent and operator, should mean, "Let us study man, who
was made after wonderful plans and specifications, and when
completed was pronounced not only good, but very good, by
that scrutinizing Inspector who makes all and omits noth-
ing. " In man's construction we have another cogent illus-
tration of the truth that perfection in all parts can only be
accepted as good. This hasty comparison I hope will assist
the student when he goes forth to give health and harmony
to the afflicted.

This work, which is designated as a guide- or text-book
for both student and operator, will be written with the pur-
pose on the part of the author to assist the beginners and

INTRODUCTION. IS

the more advanced in their efforts to obtain good results by
accommodating Nature to do its own mending and restoring.
The doctor of osteopathy, as foreman, can only preside over
a shop of repairs; and, in order that he may wisely proceed
and make his investigations thoroughly, we think it best
to divide the human body into a number of divisions, begin-
ning with the head and neck and including such diseases as
belong to that division, then the upper spine, chest, and its
organs to the diaphragm, and from the diaphragm to the
sacrum, and from the sacrum to the coccyx. All diseases
common to the human race will be classified and presented
in the plainest and most forcible words at my command, to
enable the reader to fully comprehend the meaning of this
philosophy, which is written to simplify a knowledge of the
cause and cure of all curable diseases to which the human
race is subject.

TRUTH Is TRUTH.

We often speak of truth. We say "great truths, ' ' and use
many other qualifying expressions. But no one truth is
greater than any other truth. Bach has a sphere of useful-
ness peculiar to itself. Thus we should treat with respect
and reverence all truths, great and small. A truth is the
complete work of Nature, which can only be demonstrated
by the vital principle belonging to that class of truths. Each
truth or division, as we see it, can only be made known to us
by the self-evident fact which this truth is able to demon-
strate by its action.

If we take man as the object on which to base the be-
ginning of our reason, we find the association of many ele-
ments, which differ in kind to suit the purpose for which
they were designed. To us they act, to us they are wisely
formed and located for the purpose for which they were de-

16 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

signed. Through our five senses we deal with the material
body. It has action. That we observe by vision, which
connects the mind to reason. High above the five senses
on the subject of cause or causes of action, is motion. By
the testimony of the witness, the mind is connected in a man-
ner by which it can reason on solidity and size. By smell,
taste, and sound we make other connections between the
chambers of reason and the object we desire to reason upon;
and thus we get the foundation on which all five witnesses
are arrayed to the superior principle, which is mind.

MAN Is TRIUNE.

After seeing a human being complete in form, self-mov-
ing, with power to stop or go on at will, to us he seems to obey
some commander. He seems to go so far and stop; he lies
down and gets up; he turns round and faces the objects that
are traveling in the same direction that he is. Possibly he faces
the object by his own action. Then, by about-facing, he
sees one coming with greater velocity, sees he cannot escape
by his own speed, so he steps aside and lets that body pass
on, as though he moved in obedience to some order. The by-
stander would ask the question, "How did he know such a
dangerous body was approaching?" He finds, on the most
crucial examination, that the sense of hearing is wholly with-
out reason. The same is true with all the five senses pertain-
ing to man, beast, or bird. This being the condition of the
five physical senses, we are forced by reason to conclude there
is a superior being who conducts the material man, sustains,
supports, and guards him against danger; and after all our
explorations, we have to decide that man is triune when
complete.

First, there is the material body; second, the spiritual
being; third, a being of mind which is far superior to all vital

INTRODUCTION. 17

motions and material forms, whose duty is to wisely manage
this great engine of life. This great principle, known as mind,
must depend for all evidences on the five senses, and on this
testimony all mental conclusions are based, and all orders
are issued from this mental court to move to any point or
stop at any place. To obtain good results, we must blend
ourselves v/ith and travel in harmony with Nature's truths.
When this great machine, man, ceases to move in all its parts,
which we call death, the explorer's knife discovers no mind,
no motion. He simply finds formulated matter, with no
motor to move it, with no mind to direct it. He can trace
the channels through which the fluids have circulated, and
he can find the relation of parts to other parts; in fact, by
the knife he can expose to view the whole machinery that
once was wisely active. Suppose the explorer is able to add
the one principle motion; at once we would see an action,
but it would be a confused action. Still he is not the man
desired. There is one addition that is indispensable to con-
trol this active body, or machine, and that is mind. With
that added, the whole machinery then works as man. The
three, when united in full action, are able to exhibit the thing
desired complete.

TRASH.

We must remember that when we write or talk, we have
asked the reader or listener to stop all pursuits to read our
story or listen to it. We must be kind enough to give him
something in exchange for his precious time. We must re-
member that time to an American is too valuable to be given
for hours to a long story that does not benefit him. We care
but little for what queens, kings, and professors have said;
it is what you know that we want. Man's life is too short
and useful to be spent reading any undigested literature that

18 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

amounts to nothing. Suppose that a farmer should write
on stock- or grain-raising, and his book informed the student
just how Professor So-and-So planted, bred, and failed, and
gave no lesson that did not close with a "However," or "I
would remark, as stated before," and so on. Of what use
would it be to the young agriculturist who read it, and if he
had no other instruction, what would he amount to as a
farmer? You know he would be a total failure in the pro-
fession until he learned to be governed by known truths.
His success depends on what he knows, and not on being able
to recite what someone had failed to accomplish.

OSTEOPATHY.

What is osteopathy? It is a scientific knowledge of
anatomy and physiology in the hands of a person of intelli-
gence and skill, who can apply that knowledge to the use of
man when sick or wounded by strains, shocks, falls, or me-
chanical derangement or injury of any kind to the body. An
up-to-date osteopath must have a masterful knowledge of
anatomy and physiology. He must have brains in osteo-
pathic surgery, osteopathic obstetrics, and osteopathic prac-
tice, curing diseases by skillful readjustment of the parts
of the body that have been deranged by strains, falls, or any
other cause that may have removed even a minute nerve
from the normal, although not more than the thousandth
of an inch. He sees cause in a slight anatomical deviation
for the beginning of disease. Osteopathy means a knowl-
edge of the anatomy of the head, face, neck, thorax, abdo-
men, pelvis, and limbs, and a knowledge why health prevails
in all cases of perfect normality of all parts of the body. Os-
teopathy means a studious application of the best mental
talents at the command of the man or woman that would
hold a place in the profession. Osteopathy has no time to

INTRODUCTION. 19

throw away in beer-drinking, nor has it time to wear out shoe-
leather carrying a cue around the pool- or billiard-table. It
belongs to men of sober brains, men who never tire of anatomy
and physiology or of hunting the cause of disease. An osteo-
path answers questions by his learning. He proves what he
says by what he does. An osteopath knows that to the day
of the coming in of osteopathy, the whole medical world was
almost a total blank in knowledge of the machinery and
functions of the abdomen of the human body. The medical
man to-day, if we judge his knowledge by what he does, is
perfectly at sea as soon as he enters the abdomen. He com-
bats bowel disease by methods handed down to him by symp-
tomatology. Beginning with chronic constipations, he rea-
sons not on the causes. His one idea is to fall onto a success-
ful purgative drug, vvhich never should be used excepting
with great caution. When the most active purgatives fail,
with the aid of injections, to effect a movement; the bowels
filling up and packing the abdominal cavity so full and tight
that no organ below the diaphragm can act and all motion
is lost, even to the blockage of arterial and venous circula-
tion of the blood; with the stomach crowded with food, then
on to vomiting of fecal matter and the vitality low all over
the body; what is left for the medical doctor but surgical
interference? And he proceeds with his instrumental skill
with hope and doubt. The osteopath gets his success with
such diseases through adjustment of the abdominal viscera,
with the view of relieving the bowels of bulks of fecal matter,
either hard or soft, that are laboring to pass away from the
body through the natural channels, but meet mechanical
obstructions that are caused by kinks, folds, twists, and knots
of the bowels, the result of heavy strains, lifts, and falls that
have forced the bowels to abnormal positions in the abdo-
men, deranging the mesentery at various points. The oste-

20 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

opath feels that he is not justified in administering purga-
tives, nor even injections into the bowels, until he has straight-
ened out the viscera so that no resisting obstruction is liable
to block the passing fecal matter. He proceeds as a mechanic.

A QUESTION OF INTELLIGENCE.

Osteopathy is not so much a question of books as it is of

intelligence. A successful osteopath is in all cases, or should
be, a person of individuality, with a mechanical eye behind
all motions or efforts to readjust any part of the body to its
original normality, because unguided force is dangerous, often
doing harm and failing in giving the relief that should be the
reward of well-directed skill. A knowledge of anatomy is
only a dead weight if we do not know how to apply that knowl-
edge with successful skill. That is all there is to the question
why our knowledge of anatomy should be more perfect than
it is with any other school of the healing art. The osteo-
path should be thoroughly educated by books and by drill,
and in my reference to books I mean those that are essential
to a complete knowledge of anatomy.

For fear that the student will not comprehend what I
mean by the books pertaining to a complete knowledge of
anatomy, I will give something of an approximate list, as fol-
lows: Descriptive anatomy, by the very best and latest
authors; demonstrative anatomy, human physiology, histol-
ogy, and chemistry. A thorough knowledge obtained in the
branches named, pertaining to the one subject, anatomy,
is the qualification necessary for the student. He must re-
ceive instruction why and how to apply this knowledge of
anatomy to useful purposes, with anatomical exactness, for
the purpose of giving vent to suspended fluid circulation either
to the parts of or from the body, locally or generally.

With a correct knowledge of the form and functions of

INTRODUCTION. 21

the body and all its parts, we are then prepared to know what
is meant by a variation in a bone, muscle, ligament, or fibre
or any part of the body, from the least atom to the greatest
bone or muscle. By our mechanical skill, preceded by our
intelligence in anatomy, we can detect and adjust both hard
and soft substances of the system. By our knowledge of
physiology we can comprehend the requirements of the cir-
culation of the fluids of the body as to time, speed, and quan-
tity, in harmony with the demands of normal life. We think
that osteopathy has proven that it is a short, true, and pow-
erful science, strictly under natural law.

OSTEOPATHY AN INDEPENDENT SYSTEM.
It does not now ask nor has it ever asked help of allop-
athy, homeopathy, eclecticism, or any other system of heal-
ing. It claims independence from all of them, and ability
to steer its way in the future as in the past. All systems
depend on sending guns of wisdom into the camps of sickness
with orders to kill disease, but not to hurt the sick man,
woman, or child. No difference how deadly the poison the
bullets contain, the gun must shoot and kill diseases and leave
the patient well of all maladies. Some cure by wise looks
and words to suit their snapping fingers. Then water cure,
prayer, and so on through the list, come in. None has a
foundation in a well-regulated system to insure good health
and long life. Osteopathy proclaims and proves that suc-
cess hi cures comes when all joints in the body move as Na-
ture ordered. We do not reason that Nature would turnout
imperfect or inferior goods, for the market of this or any other
world. Questions like the following must have a negative
answer, with substantial proofs, before a drug doctor is able
to argue intelligently for the demand or need of adding drugs
to a sick man's blood: "Has Nature's God an abundance
of skill to do good work in the workshops of Nature?'!

22 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY

NATURE Is HEALTH.

In Nature we look for good machines in form and action.
We have learned to know that Nature does no imperfect
work, but, on the other hand, does its work to perfection,
and perfection is its watchword in all its parts and functions.
The wise man has long since learned that no suggestions he
can offer can do any good, but, as a rule, are vastly harmful.
He often kills or ruins the machine to such a degree that it
fails in part or in whole to do its work. He finds his supposed
helps have disabled his man or woman even to death. The
drug-giver is not satisfied that God has quite the wisdom
necessary to make a machine that will do the work that all
daily demands require. He hopes to do something to have
life do better work. He sees only one thing in which to begin
and end all his labors, "drugs. ' '

Does a chemist get results desired by accident? Are
your accidents more likely to get good results than his? Do
order and success demand thought and cool-headed reason?
If we wish to be governed by reason, we must take a position
that is founded on truth and capable of presenting facts to
prove the validity of the truths we present. All Nature is
kind enough to exhibit specimens of its work as witnesses of
its ability to prove its assertions by its work. Without that
tangible proof, Nature would belong to the gods of chance,
and the laws of mother, conception, growth, and birth, from
atoms to worlds, would be a failure, a universe without a head
to direct. But as the beautiful works of Nature stand, giv-
ing us the evidence that all beings, great and small, come by
the law of cause and effect, are we not bound to work by the
laws of cause if we wish an effect?

OUR RELATION TO OTHER SYSTEMS.
We hope to get the first premium of respect from the
whole world for attending to our own business. We expect

INTRODUCTION, 23

to claim what we merit. We are free Americans. We do
not want to lord it over other schools and we will not be lorded
over, nor allow our just rights to be trampled upon or taken
from us by any medical dictators. We expect to educate
our students to a complete preparation, and to use all the
time necessary in that preparation in surgery, obstetrics,
and general practice. We will give to the qualified student
his diploma, not at the end of two or four years, but when
he has proven his knowledge of anatomy, physiology, chem-
istry, surgery, obstetrics, and of all the principles taught in
the American School of Osteopathy. We have no time to
spend with any doubtful theory. It is quality, not quantity,
that we want. Other systems may take quantity; we take
quality, attend to our own business, and hope that other
systems will attend to theirs. Our school was not created
for a tune-killer. Brevity should be our object. Qualified
merit is the best thing a man can possibly possess. We want
a full share of that. If we can get it in two years, by putting
in every day and night in hard study and thorough drills,
and can stand the severest tests of our knowledge and prove
to the world that we know what we claim, then we want to
be treated civilly while we pursue our profession. Our legisla-
tures are friends to progress and will give us what we merit.
They are all Americans, believe hi fair fighting, will clear the
ring, and see the best man win. A just verdict is all we ask.
We have used no drugs to give children the lockjaw, and
don't intend to, but if the members of the medical trust do
not leave us alone, we will ask the legislature to give them
a little anti-toxin to lock their meddlesome jaws, or have
"cow-rot" injected into them and retire them to Hot Springs
to get the cow syphilitic tetanus boiled out. I mean vaccine
rot, that cursed filth that is taken from cows afflicted with
mad itch, cows with all the venereal diseases of man and brute.

24 PHIWX30PHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY,

Ou> SYSTEMS HARD TO THROW OFF.

All old systems of education that have been adopted by
the people are very hard to throw off, because of the habits
of professors who have been made teachers and have taken
the places of their preceptors as instructors. They follow
the old system without a murmur, for several reasons. First,
the young teacher can teach that which he has been taught
more easily than what he may feel should be taught. At
this time the young man or woman feels that he must have
a living before he can make a move or suggestion to change
old methods of instruction for new. To lose his place and
salary would nonplus him and turn him adrift hi the world
with the name of a fault-finder. As bread and meat are first
with him, he decides to be silent for a vear, then next and
next year rolls" around and his living holds him into silence,
until it becomes second nature to him. He has lost all hope
of reformation, and then cencludes to be a popular author.
He begins to quote and clip and finally gets out a "new
book," with no friction with other writers. His hair now
begins to grow thin with suppressed ambition, and in a few
years his hair all falls out and hope is forever gone. He has
learned rote teaching and how to compile innocently from
other old theories. Another and another generation follows
this old system that has not given a single new thought for
ages. Thus our people are dragged through centuries because
the fear of losing bread and meat has kept the teachers in
the narrow paths of the most ignorant days of any age known
to history. I want volunteers to push this medical revolu-
tion. We must conquer before our hair falls out or we will
never succeed. I have just read a text-book on gynecology
that gives a list of three hundred and fifty-seven other books
quoted by the author. The book has only seven hundred

INTRODUCTION, 25

pages and there are three hundred and fifty-seven authors
quoted. If there is a single hair on your heads, that one hair
will give you sense enough to know that that man is only a
clipper, an author by quotations. He is not the kind of an
author that will ever be arrested, tried, and found guilty of
leading a revolution and shot by court-martial. Our school
has declared itself progressive. We try to fear the command,
"Thou shalt not lie.'! Let us live up to our proclamations.

CHAPTER I.
Important Studies.

\NATOMY.

In early life I began the study of anatomy, believing it
to be the "alpha and omega," the beginning and the end,
of all forms and the laws that give forms, by selection and
the association of the elements, kinds and quantities, to the
human body. The human form indicates an object. In the
first place, it is constructed as a hieroglyphical representation
of all beings and principles interested physically or mentally
in the production of worlds, with their material forms, their
living motions, and their mental governments. Man repre-
sents the mmd and wisdom of God to the degree of his endow-
ments. This is shown by his display of knowledge, and ability
to increase that knowledge to the degree of fullness attainable
by his allotted mental perception, and by his accumulation
and association of facts to the degree of able conclusions.
He reasons because of the lack of that amount of mental abil-
ity known as knowledge absolute. He can fill all the limits
in his sphere, and no more. The fish can swim up to the sur-
face of the water; it can dive to the bottom; it can swim the
length and width of rivers and oceans in which it is prepared
to dwell and explore in obedience to that command, "Thus
far shalt thou go, and no farther." The high-sailing birds
are only the fish of the atmospheric ocean. They can touch
the upper surface of this great ocean ; they can descend to the
lower surface; their limits of life are between the superior
and lower limits above cited. They can live, flourish, and

28 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

enjoy themselves in the field of usefulness for which they
were created. The same of the fish. The same law is equally
applicable to the human being. ll the fish should change
place with the bird, it would surely die and become extinct.
The same law would be applicable to the bird. That element
that sustains animal life belonging to each is abundantly
supplied and dwells in its peculiar environment. The same
law of extinction would be equally forcible should the bird
try to dwell in the waters of the seas. Let us make the ap-
plication of this crude base of our philosophy, and make a
few changes for the convenience of reason. Suppose we
should move the heart up to the cranial cavity and the brain
down to the place now occupied by the liver, and the liver to
the position of the lungs, and place the lungs on the sacrum;
what would you expect but death to both fowl and fish?
Thus the practical osteopath must be very exacting in ad-
justing the system. He must know that he has done his
work right in all particulars, in that the forms, great and
small, all through the body, must be infinitely correct, with
the object in view, that the necessary fuel and nutriment
of life that is now in the hands of Deity may be adjusted
to the degree of perfection that it was when it received the
first breath of individualized life.

Osteopathy is built upon the principle of debtor and
creditor. We must willingly credit Nature with having done
its work to perfection in all the machinery and functions of
animal life, and that the after-results are good or bad accord-
ing to centers and variations. If we observe any variations
from the normal center, our work is never complete nor the
reward due us until by adjustment we have reached the
normal. We know our responsibility, and should labor to
render a just account, and willingly submit our work to the
anatomical critic.

IMPORTANT STUDIES. 29

PHYSIOLOGY.

Works on physiology at the present date are compila-
tions of many theories and a few facts. In animal physiology
we all know that a babe is not as big as a man, but that it
may in time grow to man's size. To get large, man must
be builded of material to suit his form. Each piece must be
so shaped that in union with all other pieces a complete run-
ning engine will be made, not by chance, but by the rule of
animal engine-making. When complete, he is a self-acting,
individualized, separate personage, endowed with the power
to move, and mind to direct in locomotion, with a care for
comfort and a thought for his continued existence in the
preparation and consumption of food to keep him in size
and form to suit the duties he may have to perform.

So far, we are only able to see man in his completed
form. We know but little of how he obtained his shape,
size, and action. At this point we mentally ask, How is all
this work done? We soon learn that the book of Nature is
the only true source from which we can get such knowledge,
and if we are to know the whys and hows of the wonderful
work, we must enter the shops of Nature, observe, and reason
from effect to cause. We know that if we ever know the whole,
we must first know the parts. We take the dead man to the
table and open all parts to view. We begin our book of knowl-
edge under the wise teaching of experience. Here we launch
out on the sea of anatomy. We cut away the skin that en-
cases or covers the whole body. As soon as we pass through
and remove the skin, we enter the fascia. In it we find cells,
glands, blood- and other vessels, with nerves running to and
from every part. Here we could spend an eternity with our
present mental capacity, before we could comprehend even
a superficial knowledge of the powers and uses of the fascia

30 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

in the laboratory of animal life. From the fascia we journey
on to the muscles, ligaments, and bones, all in forms and con-
ditions to suit Nature's great design of the living machine.
By the knife we expose organs, glands, and blood-vessels.

Let us treat "Physiology" with due respect and credit
old theories with all the light they give and all the good they
have done, but do not be afraid of their wisdom. So far,
they have only seen with the microscope that which appears
in dead flesh and in chemical analyses of the dead compounds.
They have tried to learn something. They say, ' ' Possibly, ' '
' 'However, ' ' "Doubted by So-and-So, ' ' and "As we remarked
before in our last lecture, that there was great differences of
opinions on the subject of bacteria, microbes, and various
other theories on the physiological action or blood-changes in
croup, diphtheria, and all diseases of the throat, trachea, ton-
sils, and glandular system during the rage of such epidemics. ' '
At about this time the student is told that in all diseases of
the throat and lungs a wonderfully new remedy, antitoxin,
in full and frequent doses, has been very favorably reported
upon, and that less than 50 per cent of the cases of diphtheria
had died under the antitoxin method of treating the disease.
What I want to say to the student is about this : I think that
at the very time a young doctor needs knowledge on the
cause of diseases he is pushed into the idea that he must look
over the recipe papers till he finds "Good for Croup" on a
prescription-sheet. Then a copy is sent in haste to the drug
store to be filled. The good but wise druggist does not have
quite all the drugs named in the prescription, so he puts in
substitutes. If the patient gets well, then the drug clerk
compounds more of the mixture and tells the world what a
wonderful "cure-all" he has found. The next prescription
comes, but for another disease. The prescription is written
by the same good old doctor; the same story not all the

IMPORTANT STUDIES. 31

drugs on hand, another substitute is tried. That patient
dies ; all is quiet. The druggist feels skittish, hunts the pre-
scription, and keeps it to show that the doctor sent the same,
and tells that it was duly filled. He keeps the world wisely
ignorant of substitutes. Thus the young doctor is led off by
symptomatology to the idea that he must find something to
give and take.

CHEMISTRY.

As chemical compounds are not used by the osteopath
as remedies, then chemistry as a study for the student is
only to teach him that elements in Nature combine and form
other substances, and without such changes and union no
teeth, bone, hair, or muscle could appear in the body. Chem-
istry is of great use as a part of a thorough osteopathic edu-
cation. It gives us the reasons why food is changed in the
body into bone, muscle, and so on. Unless we know chem-
istry reasonably well, we will have considerable mental worry
to solve the problem of what becomes of food after eating.
By chemistry the truths of physiology are firmly established
in the mind of the student of Nature. He finds that in man
wonderful chemical changes do all the work, and that in the
laboratory of Nature's chemistry there is much to learn. By
chemistry we are led to see the beauties of physiology. Chem-
istry is one thing and physiology is the witness that it is a
law hi man as it is in all Nature. By chemistry we learn to
comprehend some of the laws of union in Nature which we
can use with confidence. In chemistry we become acquainted
with the law of cause and change in union, which is a standard
law sought by the student of osteopathy.

Osteopathy believes that all parts of the human body
act on chemical compounds, and from the general supply
manufacture the substances for local wants. Thus the liver

32 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

builds for itself the material that is prepared in its own di-
vision laboratory. The same of heart and brain. No dis-
turbing or hindering causes will be tolerated if an osteopath
can find and remove them. We must reason that on with-
holding the supply from a limb it would wither away. We
suffer from two causes want of supply and the burdens of
dead deposits.

PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

This branch of study, Principles of Osteopathy, gives us
an understanding of the perfect plans and specifications fol-
lowed in man's construction. To comprehend this engine
of life, it is necessary to constantly keep the plans and spec-
ifications before the mind, and in the mind, to such a degree
that there is no lack of knowledge of the locations and uses
of any and all parts. A complete knowledge of all parts,
with their forms, sizes, and places of attachment, is gained,
and should be so thoroughly grounded in the memory that
there can be no doubt of the use or purpose of the great or
small parts, and what duty they have to perform in the work-
ing of the engine. When the specifications are thoroughly
learned from anatomy or the engineer's guide-book, we will
then take up the chapter on the division of forces, by which
this engine moves and performs the duties for which it was
created. In this chapter the mind will be referred to the
brain to obtain a knowledge of that organ, where the force
starts, and how it is conducted to any belt, pulley, journal,
or division of the whole building. After learning where the
force is obtained, and how conveyed from place to place
throughout the whole body, one becomes interested and
wisely instructed. He sees the various parts of this great
system of life when preparing fluids commonly known as
blood, passing through a set of tubes both great and small,

IMPORTANT STUDIES. 33

some so very small as to require the aid of powerful micro-
scopes to see their infinitely minute forms, through which
the blood and other fluids are conducted. By this acquaint-
ance with the normal body which has been won by a study
of anatomy and in the dissecting-rooms, he is well prepared
to be invited into the inspection-room, to make comparison
between the normal and the abnormal engines. He is called
into this room for the purpose of comparing engines that
have been thrown off the track or injured in collisions, bend-
ing journals, pipes, or bolts, or which have been otherwise
deranged. To repair this machine signifies an adjustment
from the abnormal condition in which the machinist finds it
to the condition of the normal engine. Our work would
commence with first lining up the wheels with straight jour-
nals. Then we would naturally be conducted to the boiler,
steam chest, shafts, and every part that belongs to a com-
plete engine. When convinced that they are straight and in
place as designated in the plans and described in the specifi-
cations, we have done all that is required of a master me-
chanic. Then the engine goes into the hands of the engineer,
who waters, fires, and conducts this artificial being on its jour-
ney. As osteopathic machinists we go no further than to
adjust the abnormal conditions back to the normal. Nature
will do the rest.

SYMPTOMATOLOGY.

With anatomy in the normal properly understood, we
are enabled to detect conditions that are abnormal. It may
be that by measurement we can discover a variation one-hun-
dredth of an inch from the normal, which, though infinitely
small, is nevertheless abnormal. If we follow the effects of
abnormal straining of ligaments, we will easily come to the
conclusion that derangements of one-hundredth part of an

34 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

inch are often probable of those parts of the body over which
blood-vessels and nerves are distributed, whose duties are to
construct, vitalize, and keep a territory, though small in
width, fully up to the normal standard of health. The blood-
vessels carrying the fluids for the construction and sustenance
of the infinitely fine fibres, vessels, glands, fascia, and cellular
conducting channels to nerves and lymphatics, must be ab-
solutely normal in location before a normal physiological
action can be executed in perfect harmony with the health-
sustaining machinery of the body. If a nerve or vessel should
be disturbed, we would expect delay and a subsequent de-
rangement hi the workings of the laboratory of Nature. Thus
we recognize the importance of a thorough acquaintance
with the large and small fibres, ligaments, muscles, blood-
and nerve-supply to all the organs, glands and lymphatics
of the fascia, and the blood-circuit in general. We wish
you to make yourself so thoroughly acquainted with the
human antomy that your hand, eye, and reason will be un-
failing guides to all causes and effects. We wish to impress
upon your minds that this is a living and trustworthy symp-
tomatology, and not speculative, having its commencement
in words and winding up with unreliable rehashings of anti-
quated theories that have neither a father nor a mother whose
counsel and milk have ever led their children beyond the
yellow chalk-mark of stale custom, born and sustained to
this day by the nightmare of stupidity, ignorance, and super-
stition. This is the book of symptomatology that I wish
you to purchase. Use it in place of all others. Its price is
eternal vigilance.

SURGERY.

Surgery, as taught in the American School of Osteop-
athy, is to be used as often or as much as wisdom finds it

IMPORTANT STUDIES, 35

necessary in order to give relief and save life or limb when all
evidence with facts shows that blood cannot repair the in-
juries. It is then and then only that we use surgery to save
life, limb, and organs of the body from worse conditions, by
allowing dead fluids to destroy them by poisoning absorptions.
Surgeons of the Army or Government are the commissioned
officers of health, with powers and instructions to use drugs
or anything else for the relief of the wounded or sick soldier
while in the service. Their duties extend to the use of both
knife and spatula. Surgery has its place in the scientific
uses, and I think it has grown to be a very great science. In
the hands of a judicious person, it can be of untold benefit;
but in the hands of a bigot, I think it is a deadly curse. Oste-
opathy is surgery from a physiological standpoint. The os-
teopathic surgeon uses. ' ' the knife of blood ' ' to keep out ' ' the
knife of steel," and saves life by saving the injured or dis-
eased limbs and organs of the body by reduction, in place of
removing them.

We want to avoid the use of the knife and saw as much
as possible. We must be patient, and use freely a skillful
knowledge of physiology, remembering all the time that cures
come only as a result of physiological action after the most
skilled surgeons of this and past ages have done their best
work. We do not expect or even hope to improve on the
skilled arts of surgery in amputations and other legitimate
uses of the knife and saw; but we do hope to understand the
forms and functions of the parts of the human body to a sav-
ing degree of knowledge, and apply that knowledge in such
a skillful manner that abnormal conditions demanding the
use of the knife will not occur, such as tumors on and in the
body, or stones in the bladder and gall-sac, which form when
some function fails to keep lime and chalk and other sub-
stances in solution as Nature intended they should be while

3<> PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

in the circulation. If we can come to the rescue b'y produc-
ing better drainage through the veins and excretory chan-
nels, we prove our ability as surgeons by using Nature's
knife in place of the surgical knife of steel. Growths in the
abdomen, such as tumors, only form when some channel of
drainage is shut off. If we wish to stop or remove a growth
of any organ in the abdomen, we must line up the body in
good form for the appropriation of the arterial blood by the
organ to which it was sent out by the heart; then fix all the
vessels of drainage, turn the nerves loose, and the work will
be done. Too much use has been made of the knife, and too
little trust placed in Nature. The knife can be seen. Nature
is known only by the power of the gift of reason well applied.
The knife, particularly for the last few years, gets larger rolls
of cash for its work than the pills ; also the grave and heaven
get more men and women that is, if they have plenty of
money to pay for their ride. Poor people seldom have tumors
or appendicitis, because the doctor finds he can attend them
without the knife. I tell you that it is the wealthy who gen-
erally get the deadly knife.

CHAPTER II.

Some Substances of the Body.

Two HUNDRED BONES.

In the human body the osteopathic machinist finds about
two hundred and six bones. No two fit the same joint or
move in the same place. Bach one is made in a different
form or shape. Each shape indicates a different place and
use. He finds one skull, two jaw-bones, seven neck-bones,
twelve back -bones, five lumbar bones, one sacrum, two in-
nominates, two thigh-bones, two feet with' twenty-six bones
in each foot, two arms with three bones in each, two
hands with twenty-seven bones in each hand, then two
collar-bones and two shoulder-blades, and so on. In all no
two alike. You know from your knowledge of anatomy
that I am telling you the truth as to the numbers and differ-
ences in forms and uses of the bones of the human body.
Your reason tells you their natural places and how to place
them in their proper places for the discharge of their func-
tions in life's machinery. When you have been trained in
schools of anatomy to know just how to place all the bones
of a skeleton in their proper positions, in harmony with the
one or ones with which they articulate, to meet the needs
of the body, I say and believe that by the time you have
learned all their natural unions and articulations, that you
have learned enough to know when any bone is missing or
put in the wrong place. I feel then that you will have re-

38 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

ceived a criticising knowledge of what is right or wrong in
the spine, ribs, and limbs, and all the bones of any part of
the limbs, spine, or chest.

Armed with the proof that you do know, let us begin
and reason that the two hundred bones, all different in forms
and uses, are all firmly fastened together with strong straps,
and they must each have a differently shaped binding, strap,
or ligament, and that strap must be long or short, thick, wide,
or narrow, to suit the long, the short, or the flat bones of power
and motion, of the head, face, neck, etc. Every bone of the
back and chest, every bone of the limbs, and every other
bone has muscles attached to it to hold it in its socket or place
in which it moves or articulates.

BONES CONSIDERED FIRST.

My object in this talk on the bones is to encourage your
minds in plowing deeper in the fertile soil of reason. I want
you to see that all force, either stimulating, quieting, motor,
nutrient, sensory, or any kind or quality of nerve-supply,
comes to the muscles and glands and the organs of the whole
system from some depository, and has got to get to its des-
tined muscle, nerve, vein, or flesh through gates and open-
ings in or between the bones. When these gates are shut
or closed and the nerves lose control of the blood to a single
muscle or a whole system of muscles, with all supplies of the
fascia and cellular system cut off, then starvation and spasms
of muscles appear and they become very contracted or hard.
Right here is the red rag of the masseur or the osteopath
who dwells so much on the inhibiting nerves and muscles.
His lack of knowledge in the field of philosophy leaves him
in the field of a masseur only. He gets some good results,
and thinks his rubs are the best rubs in the world. He tells
you: "Have the patient lie on his breast, face down, hands

SOME SUBSTANCES OF THE BODY. 39

hanging down to the sides of the table; then have the oper-
ator stand at the side of the table or leather-covered, uphol-
stered bench, and look all over the spine and sacrum. If
a high bone is here, a low or sunken place at the center or
sides near the transverse processes where ribs are held in at-
tachment to the spine by ligaments, you must treat here
and there by pressing fingers heavily between ribs and spine
and rub the back up and down with the hands on either side
of the vertebral column. ' ' He has you work on the back,
using a heavy pressure with a washerwoman's motion when
she has a shirt on the washboard. The patient gets well or
dies, and the masseur thinks his hands have a good wash-
board when he is pushing a lean woman's skin, fascia, and
rhomboid muscles over her ribs. He thinks he has a good
job in a health laundry, and rubs hard, fast, and long. He
thinks her ribs, twelve on each side, make as good a washboard
as "Mam" ever washed a sock on. He never stops to think
that ribs are tied to muscles, that they are tied to other ribs,
and from them to points on the spine, and that better results
than with great pressure of a man's hands on the back with
up-and-down passes could be obtained. He should remember
that slipped or twisted vertebrae and ribs must be sought out
and adjusted, giving intercostal nerves thorough freedom to
act and soften muscles and let blood loose to feed and nourish
the whole spine. I contend that the curing comes direct
from the liberation of the interspinous and costal nerves,
freed from bone-pressure on the nerves of motion, sensation,
and nutrition.

How are we to proceed with the process of setting bones
to their natural places, and what are bones supposed to do by
way of hindering functional action when much or little at
variance from their exact normal place on the bony framework ?
All nerve-power issues from the heart and brain, and both

4O PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

are storage batteries full of nerve-force all the time and ready
to supply any set of nerves. Why should we think other than
that all these two storehouses require of the nervous system is
to have open channels to receive such force as they require to
do all functioning incumbent upon them? Open doors and con-
tinued wires of life are all that are required by them as condi-
tions before the brain and heart send out their active forces. Os-
teopathy believes that the brain and heart are fully supplied
with all the living forces, and will send power to any place with
which they have nerve-connections without any rubbing or
manipulation further than to insure unobstructive flow of the
nerve-forces. That power gets abnormally slow or fast only
when the full supply is cut off or limited before it leaves the
bones surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Our work is done
when we leave open the nerve-channels to the perfect eye of
Nature's inspection. Blood- and nerve-force return to the
normal when freedom is given the nerves to act. There is no
need for an operator to unnecessarily tire himself and his
patient when no good is to be derived from the effort. He is
dealing with cause and effect. He must not fall back to the low
plane of reason on which a masseur dwells. The latter's force
is applied with no lamp of reason burning in his camp. The
masseur works hard and gets some good results, but does not
know how nor why they came, more than that he has given the
patient a good "all-over rooting. ' ' We pay for a lamp of rea-
son to guide us. We feel that we are only tinkling cymbals or
sounding brass as osteopaths until we can have reason at the
beginning and the end of all our methods or efforts to cure the
afflicted.

THE BRAIN.

Of all parts of the body of man, the brain should be the
most attractive. It is the place where all force centers, where

SOME SUBSTANCES OF THE BODY. 4!

all nerves are connected with one common battery. By its or-
ders the laboratories of life begin to act on crude material and
work until blood is formed and transformed into food for the
nerves first, then the arteries and veins. The brain furnishes
nerve-action and forces to suit each class of work to be done by
that set of nerves which is to construct forms and to keep blood
constantly in motion in the arteries and from all parts back to the
heart through the veins, that it may be purified, renewed, and re-
enter the circulation. Arterial motion is normal during all ages,
from the quick pulse of the babe's arm to the slow pulse of the
aged. At advanced age the pulse is so slow that heat is not suffi-
ciently generated by the nerves, whose force is not great enough
to bring electricity to the stage of heat. All temperature, high
and low, surely is the effect of active electricity plus to fever,
minus to coldness. When an irritant enters the body by the
lungs, skin, or in any other way, a change appears in the heart's
action from its effect on the brain to a high electric action.
That burning heat is called fever. If plus, we may have a vio-
lent type, as in yellow fever ; if minus, we may have low grades,
as in typhus and typhoid fevers, and so on through the list.

THOUGHT IMPLIES ACTION.

To think implies action of the brain. We can grade thought,
although we cannot measure its speed. Suppose a person in one
line of business thinks fast enough to suit that kind of work.
We will take a farmer who is devoting his time and energies to
hog-raising. Now the question is, How fast does he think? How
many revolutions do the wheels of his head make per minute to
do all the necessary thinking connected with his business? Say
his mental wheels revolve one hundred times per minute. Then
he adds sheep-raising to his business, and if that should require
one hundred more revolutions, and he takes charge of raising
draft-horses, with one hundred andseventv-five more revolutions

42 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

added, you can see the wheels of his head are whizzing off three
hundred and seventy-five vibrations per minute. And at this
time he adds the duties of a carpenter, with three hundred more
revolutions. Add them together, and you see six hundred and
seventy-five. To this number he adds the duties and thoughts
of a sheriff, which are numerous enough to buzz his wheels at
fifteen hundred revolutions more, and you find twenty- one hun-
dred and seventy-five to be the count of his mental revolutions
so far. Now you'have the great physical demands added to the
mental motion which his brain has to support, yet he can do
all, so far, fairly well.

He now adds to his labors the manufacturing of leather from
all kinds of hides, with the chemistry of fine tanning, and this
adds a strain equal to the sum of all previous mental motions.
Add and you find forty-two hundred and fifty revolutions all
drawing on his brain each minute of the day. Add to this men-
tal strain the increased action of his body which has to perform
the duties, and you have the beginning of a worry of both mind
and body, to which we will add manuf acturing of engines, iron-
smelting, rolling, etc. ; send him as a delegate to a national con-
vention, give him thoughts of the death of a near relative, and
add to this a security debt to meet during a money panic. By
this time the mind begins to fag below the power of resistance.

A continuance of these great mental vibrations for a long
time finally stops nutrition of all or one-half of the brain,
and we have a case of "hemiplegia, " or the wheels of one-half
of the brain run so fast as to overcome some fountain of nerve-
force and explode some cerebral artery in the brain and deposit
a clot of blood at some motor supply center or plexus. Thus we
find men from over mental action fall in our national councils,
courts, manufactories, churches, and in almost all places of great
mental activity. Slaves and savages seldom fall victims to
paralysis of any kind, but escape, for they know nothing of the

SOME SUBSTANCES OF THE BODY. 43

strain of mind and hurried nutrition. They eat and rest, live
long, and are happy. The idea of riches never bothers their
slumbers. Physical injuries may and often do wound motor,
sensory, and nutrient centers of the brain ; but the effect is just
the same partial or complete suspension of the motor and sen-
sory systems. If you burst a boiler by high pressure or other-
wise, your engine ceases to move. And just the same of an over-
worked brain or body. Hemiplegia means, when divided, ' 'half ' '
and "I strike, " or paralysis of one-half of the body. Hemiple-
gia is usually the result of a cerebral hemorrhage or embolism.
It sometimes occurs suddenly without other marked symptoms ;
but commonly it is ushered in by an apoplectic attack, and on
return of consciousness it is observed that one side of the body
is paralyzed, the paralysis being often profound in the begin-
ning, and disappearing to a greater or less extent at a later pe-
riod. Hemiplegia is much more rarely produced by a tumor.
It then generally comes on slowly, the paralysis gradually in-
creasing as the neoplasm encroaches more and more upon the
motor tracts, though the tumor may be complicated by the
occurrence of a hemorrhage and a sudden hemiplegia. A grad-
ual hemiplegia may also be produced by an abscess or chronic
softening of the brain-substance. Other conditions or symp-
toms presented will in such a case assist us to diagnose the
nature of the lesion.

CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID.

To satisfy the mind of a philosopher who is capable of know-
ing truth, you must come at him outside of the limits of con-
jecture, and address him only with self-evident facts. When
he takes up the philosophy of the great subject of life, no sub-
stitute can satisfy his mental demands. The one who would
deal in conjectures or "supposed sos" should be placed hi the
proper category to which he belongs, which is the driftwood

44 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

that floats down the dark river overshadowed by the night-
mare of doubt and superstition. The seeker for truth is a man
of few words, and they are used by him only to show the
truths or facts he has discovered. He has no patience with
the unmeaning records only offered to please the credulous
and which are of little or no value, being nothing but long
recitations of ungrounded statements. We will take man
when formed. When we use the word "formed," we mean
the whole building complete, with all organs, nerves, vessels,
and every minutiae in form and material found or used in life.
We look at the body in health as meaning perfection and
harmony, not in one part, but as the whole. So far we are only
filled with love, wonder, and admiration. Another period of
observation appears to the philosopher. We find partial or
universal discord from the lowest to the highest in action and
death. Then the book of "whys" is opened and displays its
leaves, calling for mental labor even to the degree of agony, to
seek the cause or causes that produce failure of a limb insensation,
motion, nutrition, voluntary and involuntary functional activ-
ities. Our mind will explore the bone, the ligament, the mus-
cle, the fascia, the channels through which the blood travels
from the heart to local destination, with lymphatics and their
contents, the nerves, the blood-vessels and every channel
through or over which all substances are transmitted all over
the body, particularly the disabled limb in question. It ob-
tains blood abundantly from the heart. We continue our
investigation, but the results obtained are not satisfactory,
and another leaf is opened and the question appears, Why and
where is the mystery, what quality and element of force and
vitality has been withheld? A thought strikes him that the
cerebro-spinal fluid is one of the highest known elements that are
contained in the body, and unless the brain furnishes this fluid
in abundance, a disabled condition of the body will remain. He

SOME SUBSTANCES OF THE BODY. 45

who is able to reason will see that this great river of life must
be tapped and the withering field irrigated at once, or the
harvest of health be forever lost.

THE SPINAL CORD.

I want to offer you facts not advice only, but pure and
well-sustained facts, the only witnesses that ever enter the
courts of truth. A spinal cord is a fact ; you see it thus a fact.
That which you can see, hear, feel, smell, or taste is a fact, and
the knowledge of the ability of any one fact to accomplish any
one thing, how it accomplishes it, and for what purpose, is a
truth sought for in philosophy. The spinal cord is the present
fact for consideration. You see it, you feel it, and thus you
have two facts with which you can start to obtain a knowledge
of the use of this cord. In it you have one common, straight
cylinder, which is filled with an unknown substance, and by an
unknown power wisely directed. It is wisely formed, located,
and protected. It throws off branches which are wisely ar-
ranged. They have bundles, many and few. They are con-
nected to their support, which is the brain, by a continuous cord.
After it has concluded throwing off branches at local places for
special purposes, then like a flashlight it throws off a bundle
of branches, called the "horse-tail plexus, " caudaz equinaz, that
conveys fluids and influences to the extremities to execute the
vital work for which they are formed. While the laws of life
and the procedure of nerves in executing and accomplish-
ing the work designed by Nature for them to do is mysterious,
And to the finite mind incomprehensible, you can only see what
they do or perform after the work is done and ready for
inspection.

As we are dealing with the omnipresent nerve-principle of
animal life, I will tell you this one serious truth, and support it
by the fact of observation. To treat the spine more than once

46 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

or twice a week, and thereby irritate the spinal cord, will cause
the vital assimilation to be perverted and become the death-
producing executor by effecting an abortion of the living mole-
cules of life before they are fully matured and while they are
in the cellular system, lying immediately under the lymphatics.
If you will allow yourself to think for a moment, or think at
all of the possible irritation of the spinal cord, and what effect
it will have on the uterus, for example, you will realize that I
have told you a truth, and that I have produced an array
of facts to stand by that truth. Many of your patients are
well six months before they are discharged. They continue
treatments, because they are weak, and they are weak because
you keep them so by irritating the spinal cord. Throw off your
goggles and receive the rays of sunlight which forever stand in
the bosom of Reason.

This is one of the most important chapters of this book, be-
cause at this point we turn over the engine of life to you as an
engineer, and you are expected to wisely conduct it on its jour-
ney. Your responsibility here is doubled. Your first position is
that of a master draftsman who is capable of drawing plans and
specifications whereby the engineer may know what the well-
constructed machine is in every particular. He knows the parts
and their relations as conductor and operator, and you are sup-
posed to be the foreman in the shop of repairs. The living per-
son is now the engine, Nature the engineer, and you the master
mechanic. This being your position, it is expected that you
will carefully inspect all parts of the engines brought to your re-
pair shop, note all variations from the normal, and adjust them
as nearly as possible to the conditions of the perfect model
that stands in your mental shop.

At this point it will be well to suppose a case by way of
illustration. Suppose by some accident the bones of the neck
should be thrown at variance from the normal by a bend or twist.

SOME SUBSTANCES OF THE BODY. 47

We may then expect inharmony in the circulation of the blood
to the head and face, and to all the organs and glands above
the neck. We will find imperfect supply of blood and other
fluids to the head. We may also expect swelling of the head
and face, with local or general misery. You would have a cause
for headache, dizziness, blindness, enlarged tonsils, sore tongue,
loss of sight, hearing, and memory, and on through the list of
head diseases, all on account of the perverted circulation of the
fluids. It is equally important to have perfect drainage from
the parts, for without it the good results cannot be expected to
follow your efforts to relieve diseases above the neck.

WHAT ARE NERVES?

Nerves are the children and associates of one mother the
heart. She, the heart, is the wise form-giving power of life.
She is life centralized for the use of each and all animals.
All beings are simply constructed through the wisdom in the
vital energy contained in this mother's power. She plans and
builds according to the forms necessary to execute the orders
of her dictators. She is the mother, nerve, and soul of all nerves
pertaining to this body. She orders, constructs, and repairs,
and continues in constructing her work to absolute complete-
ness. She is a graduate from the school of the Infinite, and
her works are expected to show perfection in forethought,
and are to be inspected, passed upon, received, or rejected
by the scrutinizing mind of the Infinite, whose orders are very
positive, always holding before her mind the penalty of torture
and death for failing to do all her work to the fullest degree of
physical perfection. The first command of the Infinite is for
her to be at her post, to keep the picture of the plans forever be-
fore her eye. Before she makes a motion to construct a fiber
of flesh to cover her nakedness, she must open both eyes, and
scrutinize and inspect carefully every fiber that enters into the

48 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

material house known as the physical heart. First is formed
the material heart, in which the spiritual establishes an office
in which to dwell and oversee and enforce the requirements of
the specifications for constructing the human body or that of
any animal, fish, reptile, or bird. Having established the of-
fice of life hi which the plans and specifications stand in bold re-
lief, she receives from her superior officer an order to prepare a
laboratory in which the necessary material is prepared to enter
fnto the construction of this divinely formed being. She runs
or constructs a branch road of transportation to and from that
manufactory, which is located at the proper distance from her
office to give it plenty of room to carry on the business of man-
ufacturing. She calls this, when done, the abdominal work-
shop. In order not to be disturbed, she sends out her foreman
with instructions to build a fence or wall around herself, and
calls that wall the pericardium. Outside of that are other sep-
arating walls, with attachments. At this important moment
she reads in the specifications that she is expected to run out the
necessary tracks for the construction of a storage battery, the
brain, with the grand trunk line, the spinal cord, and connect
that battery with her office, the grand central, with wires, the
nerves. As she advances with the plans and specifications, she
makes other connections and constructs lungs, liver, spleen, pan-
creas, kidneys, bladder, genital organs, limbs of locomotion, the
framework and the finished house, the thorax and abdomen.
She patiently continues the performance of making all conven-
iences necessary for the comfort of the indweller, the spiritual
being. Thus we find the heart to be the mother of all the nerves
of the human body, of all its parts and principles known in vi-
tal action. From her vital chamber she delivers vitality to all
forms, fibers, and functioning substances of life and motion.
All parts of the body are wholly dependent on this vital center,
and it can move and act without the assistance of any machine

SOME SUBSTANCES OF THE BODY, 49

or part of the machine to which she has given form and life. She
charges one set of fibers with vitality, and we call them nerves
of sensation ; she charges another set we call nerves of nutrition,
and another set of wires we call nerves of motion. They have
no motion, no sensation, no nutriment ; they are simply roads for
the convenience of executing the orders as found in the plans
and specifications of life.

My object in the foregoing description of the heart is to
draw the attention of the reader to another thought that I will
present as well as I can. We can all comprehend that the heart
is the engine of blood-force and supply. With this statement
I will ask the question, Would the severing of a nerve produce
paralysis of a limb or any division of the body, or would it be the
tearing up of the road between the limb and the heart? It is
true enough that the brachial nerve reaches the brain from the
arm. If that nerve has been severed and motion destroyed,
has it not separated the limb from the =torage battery, the brain,
from whence it was supplied? To Illustrate this thought more
forcibly, I will compare the heart to a tree whose fruit is good
to eat, nice to behold, fine in flavor, and surely a child of the
mother tree. The wood, the leaf, and the coloring matter of
the leaf, limb, and fruit are simply physical expressions of the
power of the mother tree to create variations in the several
divisions of the tree. What evidence have we, that is abso-
lute and undebatable, that all 'physical forces of the body are
not conceived, developed, and issued from the heart? We speak
of sensory nerves, nutrient nerves, motor nerves, voluntary and
involuntary nerves, and to some degree we have described their
special locations. By the knife and microscope we have found
that all systems of nerves have one universal connection. We
have found nothing that would warrant us in saying that the
brain has any power to create nerve-fluid or force. We can talk
about the brain of the head, the abdominal brain, the brain of

50 PHIIX)SOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

the liver, and go on with such speculative divisions and find a
new brain in every ganglion of the body, but we have only found
storage batteries from the heart that are new to our observa-
tion. We find one cluster in the lungs, one in the brain, one in
the stomach and bowels, one at the kidneys, uterus, bladder,
spine, and limbs, but all sing "Sweet Home" to Mother Heart
when peace and harmony prevail, and cry with anguish when
she fails to communicate the glad tidings of health, peace,
plenty, and harmony. Thus joy is perpetual when the watch-
man cries, "All is well."

NERVE- POWERS.

If we make a classification of nerve-forces, we will count
five nerve-powers. They must all be present to build a part,
and must answer promptly at roll-call, and work all the time.
The names of these master workmen are Sensation, Motion, Nu-
trition, Voluntary, and Involuntary. All must answer at every
roll-call during life ; none can be granted a leave of absence for
a moment. Suppose Sensation should leave a limb for a time,
have we not a giving away there of all cells and glands? A fill-
ing up follows quickly, because Sensation limits and tells when
the supply is too great for the use of the builder's purpose. Sup-
pose the nerve-power known as Motion should fail for a time ;
starvation would soon begin its deadly work for want of food.

Suppose, again, the nerves of nutrition should fail to apply
the nourishing showers ; we would surely die in sight of food.
With the voluntary nerves we move or stay at will. At this
time I will stop defining the several and varied uses of the five
kinds of nerves, and begin to account for growths and other va-
riations, from the healthy to the unhealthy conditions of man.
The above-named nerve-forces are the five known powers of
animal life, and to direct them wisely is the work of the doctor
of osteopathy.

SOME SUBSTANCES OF THE BODY, 51

The osteopath has five witnesses to examine in all cases he
has under his care. He must give close attention to the source
and supply of healthy blood. If blood is too scant, he must
look to the motor systems of blood-making. That would sure-
ly invite his most careful attention and study to the abdomen.
He cannot expect blood to quietly pass through the diaphragm
if it is impeded by muscular constrictions around the aorta,vena
cava, or thoracic duct. The diaphragm is often pulled down
on both the vena cava and thoracic duct, obstructing blood and
chyle from returning to the heart, so that it reduces the amount
of the chyle below the requirement of healthy blood, or even
suppresses the nerve-action of lymphatics to a degree causing
dropsy of the abdomen, or a stoppage of venous blood by press-
ure on the vena cava so long that venous blood is in stages of fer-
ment when it enters the heart for renovation, and when purified
and returned, the supply is too small to sustain life to a normal
standard.

Careful attention to the normal position of all the ribs to
which the diaphragm is attached is essential. The eleventh
and twelfth ribs are often pushed so far from their normal bear-
ings that they are found turned in a line with the spine, with
cartilaginous ends down near the ilio-lumbar articulation.
When in such a position, they draw the diaphragm down heav-
ily on to the vena cava at about the fourth lumbar. Then you
have a cause for an intermittent pulse, as the heart finds poor
passage for blood through the prolapsed diaphragm, which is also
stopping the vena cava and producing universal stagnation of
blood and other fluids in all the organs and glands below the
diaphragm.

THREE CONDITIONS OP THE BLOOD-CORPUSCLES.

In this school of philosophy we are led to consider the fas-
cia and three conditions of the blood-corpuscles. By the per-
fectly healthy corpuscle all constructed perfection of the body

52 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

is produced. Perfect health is the natural result of pure blood.
By it no deformities are constructed. On the other hand, we
may have diseased or wounded corpuscles, which, when depos-
ited in the mucous membrane by the conductors from the fas-
cia, congregate and produce abnormal growths, such as fibroid
tumors, cancers, and all abnormal conditions of flesh growths.
Having had the perfection of the first stage or healthy corpus-
cle, a biogenic life still exists in the wounded corpuscles. When
these semi-normal corpuscles appear on the mucous membrane,
they produce forms that are known by the name of microbes.
They are natural to the body and come from the fascia, and in
the condition of diminished health or vitality they are mistaken
for foreign bodies, but they have not been added to the system
from the outside. Thus we say membraneous croup microbes,
diphtheria microbes, and so on. They are carried to the mucous
membrane in this semi-vital condition of biogenic life, and,
with their affinity for one another, congregate upon the mucous
membrane of the trachea, mouth, or throat generally.

Now we will consider the third and last corpuscle, or the
dead corpuscle. When it leaves the fascia from any part of the
system and arrives in the mucous membrane of the lungs, it is
simply dropped out into the lung-cells as dead matter, and we
have consumption and all other wasting diseases of the lungs.
We wish it to be understood that thus far we have been speak-
ing of the lymphatics of the fascia. We can account by this
philosophy for the cause of cancer and other growths, which will
be mentioned as we proceed with the subject of disease and
cause. We will be more elaborate as we take up and describe
the diseases that come from the blood confounded in the fascia,
artery, muscle, vein, or the nervous systems. Through the
three conditions of the blood while in the fascia we can reason-
ably account for effects, such as good health, or abnormal
growths and physical wastes. At this time we wish to call your

SOME SUBSTANCES OP THE BODY. 53

attention to the electrical disturbance of nerve-fibers as they
cross one another and produce another manifestation known
as fever heat, or lower temperature.

FLUIDS of THE BODY.

If a thousand kinds of fluids exist in our bodies, a thousand
uses require them, or they would not appear. To know how and
why they exist in the economy of life is the study of the man
who acts only when he knows at what places each must appear
and fill the part and use for which it is designed. If the demand
for a substance is absolute, its chance to act and answer that call
and obey the command must not be hindered while in prepara-
tion, nor on its journey to its destination, for upon its power all
action may depend. Blood, albumen, gall, acids, alkalies, oils,
brain-fluid, and other substances, formed by associations while
in physiological processes of formation, must be on time, in place,
and measured abundantly, that the biogenic laws of Nature can
have full power and time to act. Thus all things else may be in
place and in ample quantities and yet fail, because the power is
withheld and there is no action for want of brain-fluids with
their power to vivify all animated nature. We can do no more
than to feed and trust the laws of life as Nature gives them to
man. We must arrange our bodies in such true lines that ample
Nature can select and associate, by its definite measures and
weights and its keen power of choice of kinds, that which can
make all the fluids needed for our bodily uses, from the crude
blood to the active flames of life, as they are seen when mar-
shalled for duty, obeying the edicts of the mind of the Infinite.

BLOOD.

Blood is an unknown red or black fluid, found inside of the
human body, in tubes, channels, or tunnels. What it is, how it
is made, and what it does in the arteries after it leaves the heart,
before it returns to the heart through the veins, is one of the

54 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

mysteries of animal life. We have tried to analyze it, to discover
of what it is composed, and when done we know but little more
of what it really is than we know of what sulphur is made. We
know it is a colored fluid, and it is in all parts of flesh and bone.
We know it builds up flesh, but "How?" is the question that
leads us to honor the unknowable law of life, by which the work
of mysterious construction of all forms found in the parts of
man is done. In all our efforts to learn what it is, what it is made
of, and what enters it as life and gives it the building powers
with the intelligence it displays in building that we see in daily
observation, is to us such an incomprehensible wonder that with
the "sacred writers" we are constrained to say, "Great is the
mystery of Godliness. ' ' I dislike to say that we know very lit-
tle about the blood in fact, nothing at all; but such is the truth.
We cannot make one drop of blood, because of our ignorance of
the laws of its production. If we knew what its component
parts were and their combination, we would soon have large ma-
chinery manufacturing blood, and have it for sale in quantities
to suit the purchaser. But alas ! with all the combined intelli-
gence of man, we cannot make one drop of blood, because we
do not know what it is. Then, as its production is by the skill
of a foreigner whose education has grown to suit the work, we
must silently sit by and willingly receive the work when hand-
ed out to us for use by the producer. At this point I will say
that an intelligent osteopath is willing to be governed by the
immutable laws of Nature, and feels that he is justified to pass
the fluid on from place to place and trust results.

When Harvey solved by his powers of reason a knowledge
of the circulation of the blood, he only reached the banks of the
river of life. He saw that the heads and mouths of the rivers of
blood begin and end in the heart to do the mysterious works of
constructing man. Then he went into camp and left this com-
pound for other minds] to speculate on how it was made, of

SOME SUBSTANCES OF THE BODY. 55

what composed, and how it became a medium of life which sus-
tains all beings. He saw the genius of Nature had written
its wisdom and will of life, by the red ink of all truth.

Blood is systematically furnished from the heart to all di-
visions of our bodies. When we go any course from the heart,
we will find one or more arteries leaving the heart. If we go to-
ward the head, we find carotid, cervical, and vertebral arteries
in pairs, large enough to supply blood abundantly for bone,
brain, and muscle. That blood builds the brain, the bone,
nerves, muscles, glands, membranes, fascia, and skin. Then we
see wisdom just as much in the venous system as in the arterial.
The arteries supply all demands, and the veins carry away all
waste material. We find building and healthy renovation
are united in a perpetual effort to construct and sustain purity.
In these two are the facts and truths of life and health. If we
go to any other part or organ of the body, we find just the same
law of supply, arteries first, then renovation, beginning with the
veins. The rule of artery and vein is universal in all living be-
ings, and the osteopath must know that and abide by its rulings,
or he will not succeed as a healer. Place him in open combat
with fevers of winter or summer and he saves or loses his patients
just in proportion to his ability to sustain the arteries to feed and
the veins to purify by taking away the dead substances before
they ferment in the lymphatics and cellular system. He shows
stupidity and ignorance of support from arteries and the purify-
ing powers as carried along through the veins when he fails to
cure erysipelas, flux, pneumonia, croup, scarlet fever, diphtheria,
measles, mumps, rheumatism, and on to all diseases of climate
and seasons

It is ignorance of and inattention to the arteries to supply
and the veins to carry away deposits that lead to the forma-
tion of tumors in lungs, abdomen, or any part of the system.
Man's ignorance of how and why the blood renovates and why

56 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

tumors are formed has allowed the knife to be found in the belts
of so many doctors to-day. On this law osteopathy has suc-
cessfully stood and cured more than any school of cures, and
has sustained all its diplomates, financially and otherwise. I
write this article on blood for the student of osteopathy. I
want him to put Nature to a test of its merit, and know if it is
a law equal to all demands. If not, he is very much and seri-
ously limited when he goes into war with diseases.

DISEASE DEFINED.

When we use the word "disease," we mean anything that
makes an unnatural showing in the body overgrowth of mus-
cle, gland, organ, physical pain, numbness, heat, cold, or any-
thing that we find not necessary to life and comfort. I have
no wish to rob surgery of its useful claims, and its scientific mer-
its to suffering man and beast. My object is to place the oste-
opath's eye of reason on the hunt of the great "whys" that the
knife is useful at all. It comes in often to remove growths and
diseased flesh and bone that have formed owing to man's igno-
rance of a few great truths. If blood is allowed to be taken to a
gland or organ, and not taken away in due time, the accumu-
lation will become bulky enough to stop the excretory nerves
and cause local paralysis. Then the nutrient nerves proceed
to construct tumors, and on and on until there is no relief but
the knife or death. Had this blood not been conveyed there,
it would not be there at all, either in bulk or less quantities.
Had it simply done its work and passed on, we would have
had no material to develop such abnormal beings. If a tume-
faction appears in one side and not in the other, why is it on
one side and not on the other? It takes no great effort of mind
to see that the veins did not receive and carry off the blood,
and a growth was natural, as the conditions would not permit
anything else and be true to Nature. Thus man's ignorance

SOME SUBSTANCES OP THE BODY. 57

has made a condition for the knife. Had he taken the hint and
let the blood pass on when its work was done, he would not have
had to witness the guillotine taking his patients, whose early
pains told him a renal vein or some vessel below the diaphragm
was ligated by an impacted colon, or that a few ribs were pull-
ing and bringing the diaphragm down across the vena cava and
thoracic duct, causing excitement or paralysis of the solar
plexus, or any other nerves that pass through the diaphragm,
through which also passes blood to and from the heart and
lungs.

How to find causes of diseases or where a hindrance is lo-
cated that stops blood is a great mental worry to the osteopath
when he is called to treat a patient. The patient tells a doctor
"where he hurts," how much "he hurts," how long "he has
hurt, ' ' how hot or cold he is. The medical practitioner then
puts this symptom and that symptom in a column, adds
them up according to the latest books on symptomatology, and
finally he is able to guess at a name by which to call the disease.
Then he proceeds and treats as his pap's father heard his
granny say their old family doctor treated "them sort of diseases
in North Carolina." An osteopath, in his search for the cause of
diseases, starts out to find the mechanical cause. He feels that
the people expect more than guessing of an osteopath. He feels
that he must put his hand on the cause and prove what he says
by what he does ; that he will not get off by the feeble-minded
trash of stale habits that go with doctors of medicine. By his
knowledge he must show his ability to go beyond the musty
bread of symptomatology.

An osteopath should be a clear-headed, sober, conscientious,
truth-loving man, and never speak until he knows he has found
and can demonstrate the truth he claims to know. I partially
understand anatomy and physiology after fifty years of close
attention to the subject. The last twenty years have been spent

58 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

in giving close attention to what has been said by all the best
writers, many of whom are considered standard guides for the
student and practitioner. I have dissected and witnessed the
work of the very best anatomists in the world. I have followed
the knife through the whole distribution of the' blood of arterial
systems to the great and small vessels, until the lenses of the
most powerful microscopes seemed to exhaust their ability
to perceive the termination of the artery. With the same care
I have followed the knife and microscope from the nerve-center
to terminals of the large to the infinitely small fibers around
which those fine nerve-vines entwine, first, like the bean, entwin-
ing by way of the right, and then, turning my microscope,
finding the entwining of another set of nerves to the left, like
the hop. Those nerves are solid, cylindrical, and stratified in
form, with many leading from the lymphatics to the artery,
and to the red and white muscles, fascia, cellular membrane,
striated and unstriated organs, all connecting to and traveling
with the artery, and continuing with it through its whole circuit
from start to terminals.

Like a thirsty herd of camels, the whole nervous system, sen-
sory, motor, nutrient, voluntary, and involuntary, seems to be
in sufficient quantities and numbers to consume all the blood
and cause the philosopher to ask the question, "Is not the labor
of the artery complete when it has fed the hungry nerves?"
Is he not justified in the conclusion that the nerves gestate and
send forth all substances that are applied by Nature in the con-
struction of man? If this philosophy be true, then he who
arms himself for the battles of osteopathy when combating dis-
eases has a guide and a light whereby he can land safely in port
from every voyage.

Turn the eye of reason to the heart and observe the blood
start on its journey. It leaves in great haste and never stops,
even in the smaller arteries. It is always in motion, and very

SOME SUBSTANCES OF THE BODY. 59

quick and powerful at all places. Its motion indicates no evi-
dence of construction during such time, but we can find in the
lymphatics cells or pockets in which motion is slow enough to
suppose that in those cells living beings can be formed and
carried to their places by the lymphatics for the purposes for
which they are intended, as bone or muscle. Let us reason
that blood has a great and universal duty to perform, if it con-
structs, nourishes, and keeps the whole nervous system normal
in form and function.

As' blood and other fluids of life are ponderable bodies of
different consistencies, and are moved through the system to
construct, purify, vitalize, and furnish power necessary to keep
the machinery in action, we must reason on the different powers
necessary to move those bodies through arteries, veins, ducts,
over nerves, spongy membranes, fascia, muscles, ligaments,
glands, and skin, and judge from their unequal density, and ad-
just the force to meet the demand according to kinds.

Suppose venous blood is suspended by cold or other causes
in the lungs to the amount of oedema of the fascia ; another men-
tal look would see the nerves of the fascia of the lungs in. a high
state of excitement, cramping fascia onto veins, which would be
bound to cause an interference with the flow of blood to the
heart. No blood can pass through a vein that is closed by such
resistance, nor can it ever do it until the resistance is sus-
pended. Thus the cause of nerve-irritation must be found and
removed before the channels can relax and open sufficiently to
admit the passage of the obstructed fluids. In order to remove
this obstructing cause, we must go to the nerve-supply of the
lungs, or other parts of the body, and direct our attention to
the cause of the nerve-excitement, and that only, and prosecute
the investigation to a finish. If the breathing be too fast and
hurried, address your attention to the motor nerves and then to
the sensory, for through them you regulate and reduce the ex-

60 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

citement of the motor nerves of the arteries. As soon as sensa-
tion is reduced, the motor and sensory circuit is completed and
the labor of the artery is less, because venous resistance has
been removed. The circuit of electricity is complete, as proven
by the completed arterial and venous circuit for the reduc-
tion of motor irritation. The high temperature disappears
because distress gives place to the normal, and recovery is
the result.

THE FASCIA.

I know of no part of the body that equals the fascia as a
hunting-ground. I believe that more rich golden thoughts will
appear to the mind's eye as the study of the fascia is pursued
than of any other division of the body. Still one part is just as
great and useful as anv other in its place. No part can be dis-
pensed with.

In every view we take of the fascia a wonder appears. The
part the fascia takes in life and death gives us one of the great-
est problems to solve. It surrounds each muscle, vein, nerve,
and all organs of the body. It has a network of nerves, cells,
and tubes running to and from it; it is crossed and no doubt
filled with millions of nerve-centers and fibers which carry on the
work of secreting and excreting fluids vital and destructive.
By its action we live and by its failure we die. Each muscle
plays its part in active life. Each fiber of all muscle owes its
pliability to that yielding septum-washer that allows all muscles
to glide over and around all adjacent muscles and ligaments
without friction or jar. It not only lubricates the fibers, but
gives nourishment to all parts of the body. Its nerves are so
abundant that no atom of flesh fails to get nerve- and blood-
supply therefrom.

This life is surely too short to solve the uses of the fascia
in animal forms. It penetrates even its own finest fibers to sup-

SOME SUBSTANCES OF THE BODY. 6l

ply and assist their gliding elasticity. Turn the visions of your
mind to follow those infinitely fine nerves. You see the fascia,
and in your wonder and surprise you exclaim, "Omnipresent in
man and all other living beings of the land and sea. ' '

Other great facts come to the mind with joy and admira-
tion as we see all the beauties of life on exhibition in the won-
ders found in the fascia. The soul of man, with all the streams
of pure lining water, seems to dwell in the fascia of his body.
Does it not throw hot shot and shells of thought into man's fam-
ishing chamber of reason to feel that he has seen in the fascia
the framework of life, the dwelling-place in which life sojourns?
He feels that he there can find all disturbing causes of life, the
places in which diseases germinate and develop the seeds of
sickness and death.

As the student of anatomy explores the subject with his
knife and microscope he easily finds this fascia going with
and covering all muscles, tendons, and fibers, and separating
them even to the least fiber. All organs have coverings of this
substance, though they may have special names by which they
are designated. I write at length of the universality of the
fascia to impress the reader with the idea that this connecting
substance must be free at all parts to receive and discharge all
fluids, and to appropriate and use them in sustaining animal
life, and eject all impurities, that health may not be impaired by
dead and poisonous fluids. A knowledge of the universal ex-
tent of the fascia is imperative, and is one of the greatest aids to
the person who seeks the causes of disease. The fascia and its
nerves demand his attention, and on his knowledge of them
much of his success depends.

Will the student of osteopathy stop just a moment and see
his medical cotemporary plow the skin with the needle of his
hypodermic syringe ? He drives it in and unloads his morphine
and other poisonous drugs under the skin into the very center

60 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES O? OSTEOPATHY.

of the nerves of the superficial fascia. He produces paralysis
of all the nerves of the body by this method, just as certainly
as if he had put his poison into the cerebellum, but in a manner
not so certain to produce instantaneous death as it would had it
been unloaded in the brain. But if he is faithfully ignorant, he
will cause death just as surely at one place as the other, be-
cause the poisonous effects are carried along to every fiber of
the whole body by the nerves and fibers of the fascia.

When you deal with the fascia you are doing business with
the branch offices of the brain, under a general corporation law,
and why not treat these branch offices with the same degree of
respect? The doctor of medicine does effectual work through
the medium of the fascia. Why should not you relax, contract,
stimulate, and clean the whole system of all diseases by that
willing and sufficient power you possess to renovate all parts of
the system from deadly compounds that are generated on ac-
count of delay and stagnation of fluids while in the fascia?

Our science is young, but the laws that govern life are as
old as the hours of all ages. You may find much that has never
been written nor practiced before, but all such discoveries are
truths born with the birth of eternity, old as God and as true
as life.

We must remember, as we study the fascia, that it occupies
the whole body, and should we find a local region that is dis-
ordered, we can relieve that part through the local plexus of
nerves which controls that division. Your attention should
be directed to all the nerves of that part. Blood must not be
allowed to flow to the part by wild motion. Its flow must be
gentle to suit the demands of nutrition, otherwise weakness
takes the place of strength, and we lose the benefits of the
nutritive nerves. Suppose the nerves that supply the lungs
with motion should stop acting ; the lungs would also stop. Sup-
pose they should come to a half stop; the lungs would surely

SOME SUBSTANCES OF THE BODY. 63

follow suit. Now we must reason, if we succeed in relieving
lungs, that all kinds of nerves are found in them. The lungs
move, thus you find motor nerves ; they have feeling, thus the
sensory nerves; they grow by nutrition, thus the nutrient
nerves. They move by will, or without it; they have a vol-
untary and involuntary system.

The blood-supply comes under the motor system of nerves,
and is delivered at proper places for the convenience of the nerves
of nutrition. The sensory nerves limit the supply of arterial
blood to the quantity necessary, as construction is going on at
each successive stroke of the heart. They limit the action of
the lungs, receive and expel air in quantities sufficient to keep up
the purity of the blood, etc. With this foundation, we observe
that if there is too great action of the motor nerves, as shown by
an abnormal increase in breathing, we are admonished to reduce
breathing by addressing attention to the sensory nerves of
the lungs, in order that the blood may pass through the veins,
whose irritability has refused to receive the blood, further than
capillary terminals. As soon as sensation is reduced, relaxation
of nerve-fibers of veins tolerates the passage of venous blood,
which is deposited in the spongy portions of the lungs in such
quantities as to overcome the activity of the nerves of renova-
tion, an activity that accompanies the fascia in its process of
ejection of all fluids that have been detained an abnormal time,
first in the region of the fascia, then in the arterial and venous
circulation. Thus you see what must be done. The veins as
channels must carry away all the blood as soon as it has depos-
ited its nutrient supplies to the places for which they were in-
tended ; otherwise, by delay, vitality by asphyxia is lost to the
blood, which calls for a greater force from the arterial pumps
to drive the blood through the parts, rupturing capillaries and
depositing the blood in the mucous membrane, until finally
nerves of the fascia become powerless by surrounding pressure,

64 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

and, through the sensory nerves, an irritability sets in at the
heart, which is driven to still greater efforts.

As life finds its general nutrient law in the fascia and its
nerves, we must connect them to the great source of supply by
a cord running the length of the spine, by which all nerves are
connected with the brain. The cord throws out millions of
nerves to all organs and parts which are supplied with the ele-
ments of motion and sensation. All these nerves go to and ter-
minate in that great system, the fascia.

As we dip our cups deeper and deeper into the ocean of
thought we begin to feel that the solution of life and health is
close to the field of the telescope of our mental searchlights,
and soon we will find the road to health so plainly written that
the wayfaring man cannot err though he be a fool.

Disease is evidently sown as atoms of gas, fluids, or solids.
A'suitable place is first necessary for the active principle of the
disease, be that what it may. Then a responsive kind of nour-
ishment must be obtained by the being to be developed. Thus
we must find in animals that part of the body which assists by
action and by food in developing the being in foetal life. Rea-
son calls the mind to the rule of man's gestative life first, and
as a basis of thought we look at the quickening atom, the com-
ing being, when only by the aid of a powerful microscope can
we see the vital germ. It looks like an atom of white fibrin or
detached particle of fascia. It leaves one parent as an atom of
fascia, and, in order to live and grow, must dwell in friendly sur-
roundings, and be fed by such food as is found in blood and
lymph. The nerve-generating power must also be considered.
As the fascia is the best equipped with nerves, blood, and white
corpuscles, it is only reasonable to expect the germ to dwell
there for support and growth.

SOME SUBSTANCES OF THE BODY. 65

AN ILLUSTRATION OF CONCEPTION.

When you follow the germ from the father after it has left
his system of fascia, we find it flourishing in the womb, an organ
which is almost a complete being of itself, the center, origin,
and mother of all fascias. It there dwells and grows to birth,
and appears as a completed being, a product of the life-giving
powers of the fascia.

The fascia is universal in man, and stands before the world
to-day a great problem. It carries to the mind of the philoso-
pher the evidence absolute, that it is the "material man. " It
is the fort which the enemy of life takes by conquest through
disease, and, completing the combat, unfurls the black flag of
"no quarter." That enemy is sure to capture all the forts
known as human beings at some time, although the engagement
may last for many years. A delay in the surrender can only be
obtained by giving timely support to the supply of nourish-
ment, that powerful life force that is bequeathed to man and all
other beings, and acts through the fascia of man and beast.

THE LYMPHATICS.

A student of life must take in each part of the body and
study its uses and relations to other parts and systems. We
lay much stress on the uses of blood and the powers of the nerves,
but have we any evidence that they are of more vital import-
ance than the lymphatics? If not, let us halt at this universal
system of irrigation, and study its great uses in sustaining ani
mal life. Where are the lymphatics situated in the body?
Where are they not found? No space is so small that it is out
of connection with the lymphatics, with their nerves, secre-
tory and excretory ducts. The system of lymphatics is complete
and universal in the whole body. After beholding the lym-
phatics distributed along all the nerves, blood-channels, mus-
cles, glands, and all the organs of the body, from the brain to

66 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

the soles of the feet, all loaded to fullness with watery liquids,
we certainly can make but one conclusion as to their use, which
would be to mingle with and carry out all impurities of the body,
by first mixing with the substances and reducing them to that
degree of fineness that will allow them to pass through the
smallest tubes of the excretory system, and by that method
free the body from all deposits of either solids or fluids, and leave
nourishment.

Possibly less is known of the lymphatics than any other
division of the life-sustaining machinery of man. Ignorance
of that division is often equal to a total blank with the oper-
ator. Finer nerves dwell with the lymphatics than even with the
eye. The eye is an organized effect, the lymphatics the cause,
and in them the principle of life more abundantly dwells. No
atom can leave the lymphatics in an imperfect state and get a
union with any part of the body. There the atom obtains form
and knowledge of how and what to do. The fluids of the brain
are of a finer order than any fluids supplying the whole viscera.
By nature, coarser substances are necessary to construct the or-
gans that run the blast and rough-forging divisions. The lym-
phatics prepare, furnish, and send the atoms to the builder that
he may construct by adjusting all according to Nature's plans
and specifications. Nature makes machinery that can produce
just what is necessary, and, when united, produces what the
wisest minds would exact.

The lymphatics are closely and universally connected with
the spinal cord and all other nerves, and all drink from the
waters of the brain. By the action of the nerves of the lym-
phatics, a union of qualities necessary to produce gall, sugar,
acids, alkalies, bone, muscle, and softer parts, is brought about so
that elements can be changed, suspended, collected, and asso-
ciated and produce any chemical compound necessary to sustain
animal life, wash out, salt, sweeten, and preserve the being from

SOME SUBSTANCES OF THE BODY. 67

decay and death by chemical, electric, atmospheric, or climatic
conditions. By this we are admonished in all our treatment
not to wound the lymphatics, as they are undoubtedly the lif e-
giving centers and organs, and it behooves us to handle them
with wisdom and tenderness, for by and from them a withered
limb, organ, or any division of the body receives what we call a
"reconstruction," or is builded anew. Without this cautious
procedure, your patient had better save his life and money by
passing you by as a failure, until you are by this knowledge qual-
ified to deal with the lymphatics.

Why not reason on the broad plain of known facts, and
give the cause of a person having complete prostration. When
all systems are cut off from a chance to perform and execute
such duties as Nature has allotted to them, we have pros-
tration. Motor nerves must drive all substances to and sensa-
tion must judge the supply and demand. Nutrition must be
in action on time, and keep all parts well supplied with power,
or a failure is sure to appear. We must ever remember the de-
mands of Nature on the lymphatics, liver, and kidneys. They
must work all the time or a confusion will result, and a defi-
ciency in the performance of then- duties will mean a crip-
pling of some function of life over which they preside.

UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED.

Dunglison's definition of the lymphatics is very extensive,
comprehensive, and right to the point for our use as doctors of
osteopathy. He describes the lymphatic glands as countless
in number, universally distributed all through the human body,
containing vitalized water and other fluids necessary to the sup-
port of animal life, running parallel with the venous system,
and more abundantly there than in other locations of the
body, at the same time discharging their contents into the veins
while conveying the blood back to the heart from the whole sys-

68 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

tern. Is it not reasonable to suppose that, besides being nutrient
centers, they accumulate and pass water through the whole
secretory and excretory systems of the body, in order to reduce
nourishment from a thick to a thin constituency, that it may
easily pass through the tubes, ducts, and vessels interested in the
distribution of materials as nourishment first, and renovation
second, through the excretory ducts. The question arises,
Whence cometh this water? This leads us back to the lungs.
With a fountain of life-saving water provided by Nature to wash
away impurities as they accumulate in our bodies, would it not
be great stupidity in us to see a human being burn to death by
the fires of fever, or die from asphyxia by allowing bad or dead
lymph, albumen, or any substance to load down the powers of
Nature and keep the blood from being washed to normal purity.
If so, let us go deeper into the study of the life-saving powers
of the lymphatics. Do we not find in death that the lym-
phatics are dark, and in life they are healthy and red?

What we meet with in all diseases is dead blood, stagnant
lymph, and albumen in a semi- vital or dead and decomposing
condition all through the lymphatics and other parts of the
body, brain, lungs, kidneys, liver, and fascia. The whole sys-
tem is loaded with a confused mass of blood that is mixed with
unhealthy substances that should have been kept washed out
by lymph. Stop and view the frog's superficial lymphatic
glands. You see all parts move just as regularly as the heart
does. They are all in motion during life. For what purpose
do they move if not to carry the fluids to sustain the building-up
processes, while the excretory channels receive and pass out all
that is of no farther use to the body? Now we see this great
system of lymphatics is the source of construction and purity.
If this be true, we must keep the lymphatics normal all the time
or see confused Nature in the form of disease. We strike at
the source of life and death when we go to the lymphatics.

SOME SUBSTANCES OF THE BODY. 69

No part is so small or remote that it is not in direct con-
nection with some part or chain of the lymphatics. The doc-
tor of osteopathy has much to think about when he consults
natural remedies, and how they are supplied and administered,
and as disease is the effect of tardy deposits in some or all parts
of the body, reason would bring us to a search for a solvent
of such deposits, which hinder the natural motion of blood and
other fluids in functional works, and with that solvent we are
to keep the body pure from any substance that would check vi-
tal action. When we have searched and found that the lym-
phatics are requisite for the body, we then must admit that
their use is equal to the abundant and universal supply of all
the glands. If we think and use a homely phrase, and say that
disease is only too much dirt in the wheels of life, then we will
see that Nature takes this method to wash out the dirt. As an
application, pneumonia is too much dirt in the wheels of the
lungs. If so, we must wash it out. Nowhere can we go for a
better place for water than to the lymphatics. Are they not
like a fire company with nozzles in all windows ready to flush
the burning house?

DEFINITION OP THE WORD "TREAT."
Here I want to emphasize that the word "treat" has but
one meaning that is, to know you are right, and do your work
accordingly. I will only hint, and would feel embarrassed to
go any further than to hint to you the importance of an undis-
turbed condition of the five known kinds of nerves ; namely, sen-
sation, motion, nutrition, voluntary, and involuntary, all of
which you must endeavor to keep in perpetual harmony while
treating any disease. If you allow yourself to reason at all,
you must, know that sensation must be normal and always on
guard to give notice by local or general misery of unnatural ac-
cumulation of the circulating fluids. Every nerve must be free

JO PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

to act and do its part. Your duty as a master mechanic is to
know that the engine is kept in a perfect condition, so that
there will be no functional disturbance to any nerve, or vein, or
artery that supplies and governs the skin, the fascia, the muscle,
the blood, or any fluid that should be in free circulation to sus-
tain life and renovate the system from deposits that would
cause what we call disease.

Your osteopathic knowledge has surely taught you that,
with an intimate acquaintance with the nerve- and blood-
supply, you can arrive at a knowledge of the hidden cause of dis-
ease, and conduct your treatment to a successful termination.
This is not by your knowledge of chemistry, but by the knowl-
edge of the anatomy of man, and of what is normal and what
abnormal, what is effect and what is the cause. Do you ever
suspect renal or bladder trouble without first receiving knowl-
edge from your patient that there is soreness and tenderness
in the region of the kidneys at some point along the spine?
By this knowledge you are invited to explore the spine for the
purpose of ascertaining whether it is normal or not. If, by
your intimate acquaintance with a normal spine, you should de-
tect an abnormal form, although it be small, you are then ad-
monished to look out for disease of the kidneys, or bladder, or
both, from the discovered cause for disturbance of the renal
nerves by such displacement, or some slight variation from the
normal in the articulation of the spine. If this is not worthy
of your attention, your mind is surely too crude to observe those
fine beginnings that lead to death. Your skill would be of little
use in incipient cases of Bright 's disease of the kidneys. Has
not your acquaintance with the human body opened your mind's
eye to observe that hi the laboratory of the human body the
most wonderful chemical results are being accomplished every
day, minute, and hour of your life? Can that laboratory be
running in good order and tolerate the formation of a gall- or

SOME SUBSTANCES OF THE BODY. 71

bladder-stone? Does not the body generate acids, alkalies, and
all substances and fluids necessary to wash out all impurities?
If you think an unerring God has made all those necessary
preparations, why not so assert yourself, and stand upon that
ground?

You cannot do otherwise, and not betray your ignorance
to the thinking world. If in the human body you can find the
most wonderful chemical laboratory mind can conceive, why
not give more of your time to that subject, in order that you
may obtain a better understanding of its workings ? Can you
afford to treat your patients without such qualification ? Is it
not ignorance of the workings of this divine law that has given
birth to the foundationless nightmare now prevailing to such an
alarming extent all over civilization, that a deadly drug will
prove its efficacy in warding off disease in a better way than has
been prescribed by the intelligent God who has formulated
and combined life, mind, and matter in such a manner that it
becomes the connecting link between a world of mind and that
element known as matter? Can a deep philosopher do otherwise
than conclude that Nature has placed in man all the qualities
for his comfort and longevity? Or will he drink that which is
deadly, and cast his vote for the crucifixion of knowledge?

CHAPTER III.

Divisions of the Body.

MISSION OF THE DOCTOR."

To find health should be the object of the doctor. Any-
one can find disease. He should make the grand round among
the sentinels and ascertain if they are asleep, dead, or have de-
serted their posts, and have allowed the enemy to get into the
camp. He should visit all posts. Before he goes out to make
the rounds, he should know where all the posts are,and the value
of the supply he has charge of, whether it be shot, shell, food,
clothing, arms, or anything of value to the company or division.

FIVE DIVISIONS.

So great a subject as the study of man, not to be superfi-
cial, must be divided into two or more parts. While the head
and neck are related to and connected with the whole body,
their importance to that body of which they are parts cannot
be comprehended without a thorough and special acquaintance
with all forms and substances passing through in transit and re-
turn. Without knowing the function of the brain, we cannot
know its uses. Therefore an acquaintance to a general under-
standing is absolutely necessary, that we may regulate our treat-
ment, which is only an inspection and adjustment of the head to
its true position with the neck. As the neck is compound in its
attachments, first to the head and then to the body, the import-
ance of knowledge has doubled itself, because the neck receives
and transmits fluids from the body to the brain, through its or-
ganized machinery, and to the body or chest with all its machin-

DIVISIONS OF THE BODY. 73

ery, which receives at the heart nutrient elements from below
and delivers the same to the lungs for such preparation as is in-
cumbent upon that division of life 's sustaining machinery. We
need a good knowledge of the head and neck and the relation
they bear to the lungs, the great renovators and vitalizers of
fluids previous to their return to the heart for general uses.

It is of the greatest importance to thoroughly know the
parts and uses of both the heart and lungs, where and how both
have received their forms, forces, and materials that enter into
those forms, and the power sustaining divisions, how they are
supported in their duties. We see, in order to keep the chest
and lungs normally healthy, we must know how, where, and why
they act, and we can only know this by an intimate acquaintance
with the forms and functions of the head and all therein belong-
ing, with the neck, in which all of the thoroughfares are found
and through which forces are transmitted.

When we shall have mastered a reasonable comprehen-
sion of these divisions, we are only feebly prepared to enter a
new and more extended field, with its connected oneness in re-
ceiving blood and other substances and appropriating them to
the duties of constructing machinery to receive gases, blood,
and other substances and associating them in such a manner
that they become the living corpuscles of construction, not only
with the ability to build up muscles, but the ability from
a germ to begin the addition of atom to atom through all
steps of fcetal life to a perfectly formed human being, with
all organs, glands, and substances. We must see the great
importance of the highest known intelligence that can be
accumulated by the study of the human body from head to
abdomen, because here we are in a city of living wonders per-
taining to life. At this point, beginning with the first lumbar,
we have an unexplored field of great truth presented to our
minds, which should imply how much injury can be admit-

74 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

ted and not go beyond the power of repair. In the fourth
and fifth divisions, better understood as the region of the abdo-
men and pelvis, if wounds, falls, punctures, or other injury would
cause impingement upon any nerve, vein, or artery, how far
can Nature tolerate any such encroachment and still be able to
keep up something of a normal appearance ? How far can such
injuries proceed without causing failure to a degree that would
produce piles, leucorrhea, monthly convulsions, fibroid and
other forms of tumefaction, ulcers, Bright's disease of the kid-
neys, gall-stones, bladder-stones, enlarged liver, diseased spleen,
jaundice, dropsy, varicose veins, and many other diseases that
we have not space to enumerate here? Has not man's inability
to comprehend this important question given birth and place
to a resort to try to solve such questions by the rules of hit or
miss, better known as symptomatology? Does not Nature,
with a knowledge of the machinery, offer a more reliable sys-
tem of locating cause by adjusting that machinery so that it
can remove the cause and change effect?

These five points of observation for the osteopath to re-
member in his examination will easily cover the whole body.
We cannot overlook any one of them and successfully examine
any disease of the system. Local injuries are, however, an ex-
ception to this rule, but even a local hurt often causes general
effect. Suppose a fall should jar the lumbar vertebrae and push
some of the articulations to the front or back or to the side.
Say we have the lumbar vertebrae disturbed and one or two short
ribs turned down against the lumbar nerves, with a prolapsed
and loosened diaphragm and pressure on the abdominal aorta,
vena cava, and thoracic duct. Have we not cause there for
the stoppage or derangement of the circulation in the arteries,
veins, lymphatics, and all the organs below the diaphragm?
Heart trouble would then naturally result. Fibroid tumors,
painful monthlies, constipation, diabetes, dyspepsia, or any

DIVISIONS OP THE BODY. 75

trouble of the system that could be caused by bad blood would
also naturally follow. If blood, lymph, or chyle are kept
too long below the diaphragm, they become diseased before
they reach the lungs, and after renovation but little good blood
is left. Then the dead matter is separated from the blood and
blown out while in a vaporous state at the lungs. Thus there
is not enough nutriment to keep up the normal supply. In this
state the patient loses flesh and is in an enfeebled condition gen-
erally, because of the trouble the blood and lymph have in pass-
ing through the diaphragm. The failure of the free action of
blood produces general debility, congestion, low types of fever,
dropsy, constipation, tumefaction, and on to the whole list of
visceral diseases.

We are then called to the pelvis. If the innominate bones
are twisted on the sacrum or are driven too high or too low, an
HI jury to the sacral system of nerves would be cause for con-
gestion, inflammation of the womb, or bladder diseases, with a
crippled condition of all the spinal nerves. This would cause
hysteria, and on to the whole list of diseases due to spinal inju-
ries. The osteopath has great demand for his powers of reason
when he considers the relation of diseases generally to the pel-
vis, and this knowledge he must have before his work can be
done successfully.

As I said, five points comprise the fields in which an osteo-
path must search. I have given you quite pointedly, although
not at length, a few hints on the spine and sacrum, which cover
the territory below the diaphragm. I will simply refer you to
the chest, neck, and brain, and say, "Let your searchlight al-
ways shine brightly on the brain. ' ' On it we must depend for
power. Most of the nerves run through the neck and branch off
to the heart and brain, the two most important parts of man.
Search faithfully for causes of diseases in the head, neck, chest,

76 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

spine, and pelvis, for all the organs, limbs, and parts are direct-
ly related to and depend on these five localities to which I hUve
just called your attention. With your knowledge of anatomy,
I am sure you can practice and be successful, and you should be
successful in all cases over which osteopathy is supposed to
preside.

CHAPTER IV.

Head, Face, and Scalp.

CAUSES OP EFFECTS.

It is useless to enumerate all the diseases peculiar to the
head, face, and scalp. If a shortage of blood-supply should be
apparent in any organ or division of the head, reason would say,
"Turn on a greater supply of blood ; see that there is no obstruc-
tion to the nerve-forces. ' ' On the other hand, if the scalp and
face should be puffed out of shape by blood and water, address
your attention to the venous and lymphatic drainage, and keep
that up until completed. Your knowledge of nerve-supply for
blood, lymphatics, and all organs of the head should guide you
correctly here, and it will if you have given due attention to in-
structions in anatomy and physiology. This work is not writ-
ten to teach a lazy student where to punch and pull, who has
neglected to receive the benefits of the instructions provided for
him in school. The same rule holds equally good with diseases
of the neck, breast, and abdomen. You have all details freely
given in clinic instruction.

We often find a lesion which may appear as a growth or
withering away of a limb, affecting all its muscles, nerves, and
blood-supply. In cases of tumors on the scalp, loss of hair,
eruptions of the face, growth of tonsils, ulcers on one or both
ears, growths on the outside and inside of the eyes, a cause must
precede the effect in all these cases. A pain in the head is an ef-
fect. Cause is older than the effect, and is absolute in all vari-
ations from normal conditions. A tumor on the head and un-

78 PHEUOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

der the skin is an effect only. It took matter to give it size, it
took power to deliver that substance. The fact that a tumor
was formed shows that the power to build was present and did
the work of construction. Another power should have been
there to complete the work at that location. That power is the
carrying off of the dead matter after the work of construction
was complete.

ERYSIPELAS.

This philosophy knows no life nor death except through the
motion of the blood and the inaction of that fluid,which contains
life while in motion and death as the effect of motion ceasing.
Without giving in detail the divisions and bones of the head, I
will say, in considering the subject of diseases of the head, that
the head is composed of hard bones covered with soft flesh
and filled with brain, blood, nerves, and membranes. It has di-
visions to suit the functions of the inner chamber of the crani-
um or skull. On the under side or surface of the skull there are
many holes, foramina, or openings, to accommodate the blood-
vessels and other structures that supply and drain the brain.
On the outside of the skull the head is covered with soft
substances, skin, fascia, muscles, nerves, veins, secretives,
and excretives. This human head shows many effects, dis-
eases, whose cause can be traced to lack of nourishing blood-
supply, to poor drainage and exhausted fluids, which should be
returned through the venous or thrown out through the excre-
tory system. .With this known fact and your knowledge of
anatomy, I think you are very well qualified to answer the
question, What is the cause of erysipelas, with its fiery swelling
which spreads over the skin of the face and scalp of the head,
to the complete occupation of both? Here is a detention of
blood, detained long enough to cause what is commonly known
as erysipelas of the head and scalp. That visible effect is a re-

HEAD, FACE, AND SCALP. 79

Stilt of an action known as fermentation of the fluids that should
have passed from the veins and membranes of the scalp, the
fascia, lymphatics, and cellular system of the head and face.
When I ask you where and how the blood is conveyed from the
face back to the heart, you will describe the blood-vessels that
empty into the jugular veins, internal and external.giving a short
enumeration of the external veins of the face, the facial, the tem-
poral, the angular, the transverse nasal, the frontal, post-auric-
ular, and occipital, which empty into the external and internal
jugular. The failure or stoppage of blood that has caused this
facial erysipelas can easily be traced to the large veins that should
keep the face thoroughly drained. You see where the trouble
is, and by that knowledge know that you must assist the ob-
structed drainage to the normal. Then your labor is done ; the
arterial and venous energies will take care of the necessary drain-
age and repair. When erysipelas attacks the nose only, your
work is directed to the facial and nasal veins. Should the ery-
sipelas localize itself between the ear and occipital region, your
work would be to encourage the discharge of venous blood
through the auricular and occipital veins. Should the tongue be
swollen, your treatment would extend to the lingual, superior
thyroid, and anterior jugular veins. By this method we obtain
reduction of bulky deposits and swellings of the face, and know
that normal action will follow judicious renovation. The stu-
dent will ever remember that no action can be suspended in the
arterial supply and venous drainage of the face and scalp and
not leave visible marks by such failure.

BALDNESS.

At this time it would be well enough to point the stu-
dent to baldness or hair-failure, due to a lack of nourishment
on the part of the artery and lack of drainage by the vein. To
this we will add dandruff, scald-head, pimples, spots, and dis-

80 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

colorations of the face. All have absolute causes for their ap-
pearance, and it is for us to detect the cause and apply the rem-
edy. The importance of a good knowledge of the blood-supply
of the face and scalp is patent.

As we have dwelt somewhat on the venous drainage, we
will now give, by way of refreshing the student's memory, a
short description of the superficial arteries of the head. We will
begin with the external carotid, branch off toward the nose and
mouth with the facial, the coronary, the nasal, transverse
facial, orbital, supraorbital, temporal, frontal branch, parietal
branch, occipital, and posterior auricular. With the image of
the superficial arteries of the head in your mind's eye, you are
prepared to reason that the drainage of the head through the
veins must be normal, or diseases of the head and face will be
the result, and will show their effects upon the outer surface and
all through the skin, extending down to the fascia, the lym-
phatics, the parotid glands, and other important structures of
the head and face. We must have good and unobstructed action
of the nerves of the head and face, because much depends upon
their combined action. These nerves are the posterior auricular,
auriculo-temporal, supraorbital, buccal, malar, nasal, supra-
trochlear, infratrochlear, infraorbital, and supramandibular.
I think by this time^I have given enough of the important nerves
so that, without any other assistance, you can safely proceed with
the management of erysipelas in all parts of the head and face.
You will see, if you reason at all, that by constriction of the
muscles and membranes around the blood-vessels we have a
stoppage or almost a complete inhibition of the blood while in
transit from the head to the heart. You will remember that the
system of constriction is very extensive in the region of the up-
per part of the neck, at its junction with the head. Irritation
from the constricture causes extensive congestion of the internal
systems of arterial and venous circulation as well as of the ex-

HEAD, FACE, AND SCALP. 8 1

ternal. Let me point your attention to the lungs, with their
increased motion in breathing. Has not this constricture
extended to the lungs by the irritation of the pneumogastric
nerves in the region of the neck as they pass from the brain
to the lungs? Surely, with constricture of ascending arteries,
there is a demand for greater arterial force, and we find the
effect we call "a hard and quick pulse," which is known to
accompany erysipelas of the head and face.

TREATMENT OP ERYSIPELAS.

We will now take up the treatment of erysipelas ; but just
before entering into the discussion of the best method of treat-
ing this disease and other diseases of the head, I will say that
this is an effort on my part to teach the student how to concen-
trate his mind on the subject of diseases presented for his skill,
deliberation, and practice. I will define erysipelas by giving
Gould 's definition : "Erysipelas. An acute infectious disease,
due to the streptococcus erysipelatosus (which is probably iden-
tical with the streptococcus pyogenes), and characterized by an
inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. E., Facial,
erysipelas of the face, the most common form. After an initial
chill, the temperature rises very high. There may be vomiting
and delirium, and the disease may rapidly spread over a great
part of the body. The affected area is swollen, has a deep red
color, an elevated margin, and itches. E., Wandering, a form
in which the erysipelatous process successively disappears from
one part of the body to appear subsequently at another part.' '

Before the student begins to treat erysipelas or any dis-
ease of the head, I wish to tell just what I mean by "treatment."
If I say to treat the cervical and facial nerves, I do not mean
that you mu?* :b the neck and hold down the muscles. I want
you to adjust the bones of the neck and let blood flow to and
feed the nerves and muscles of the neck and stop the constrict-

82 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF 1 OSTEOPATHY.

ures that have been holding the blood in check until it has died
for want of air. We know that in any case of erysipelas we have
sour fluids, the effect of delay of blood while in the veins located
in the affected area. This venous blood must be sent to heart
and lungs for purification and renewal. The operator is sup-
posed to come into this important battle, where local life is to
be saved by increasing the vital force and supplying pure and
healthy blood. He should halt and establish himself or obser-
vation as a seeker of the cause of this local delay in circulation,
venous or arterial, and in the nerve-action, because in these
three are the powers to supply the vital fluids and remove the
exhausted. Vital forces must have access to the veins and arte-
ries going to and from this irritating overplus of blood, fluids,
and gases that are occupying the spaces in the skin, membranes,
lymphatics, fascia, superficial and deep, in the region of the face,
mouth, tongue, tonsils, Eustachian tubes, nasal air-passages,
and the glands of the upper part of the neck close to the skull,
the scalp included. On the wisdom of his conclusions previous
to action depends the good or bad results that he will produce
in diminishing the deadly supply through wisdom, or increas-
ing the same through ignorance or inability to reach the
positive cause of the constricture that has shut down the win-
dows, doors, or openings through which nerve-force comes from
the spinal cord and other branches from the brain to the face,
for the purpose of giving energy to the blood in either venous or
arterial action. He must know that if a hardness of the fleshy
substances in the locality is found, that a stricture is caused by
the nerves of constriction, and that this constricture proves
itself to be strong enough to restrain the passage of blood to and
from the locality of the face in which this destructive fermenta-
tion is doing its deadly work. The philosopher will seek the
plexus of nerves which controls the blood- and nerve-supply
and the drainage through the venous and excretory systems. He

HEAD, FACE, AND SCALP. 83

must remember that he is dealing with a spasmodic constricture
of the muscles of the neck and face, and that this constricture
forces bones together with such power as to draw muscles and
fibers strong enough to force the upper bones of the neck so far
to the right, left, front, or rear as to produce a damaging press-
ure on the nerves as they issue from the brain and medulla,
whose dutyit is to keep the fluids of the face in harmonious action
for all purposes. The student will find bones varying from the
normal in position in every case of facial erysipelas, nasal
erysipelas, or any part of the head. I say, and know it to be
true, that he will find bony variations from the skull and atlas
to the first dorsal, and often to the fourth dorsal in facial ery-
sipelas and other diseases of the head. Your patient has fever
and is very hot. The educated touch will teach you this with-
out the use of a thermometer. At this point you need reason
much more than thermal instruments. My question to you is
not to know whether the temperature is a 100, 106, or 160. I
want to drag both of your feet out of the ruts of allopathy,
and place your hands upon the handle of the pump and get
some water from the lymphatics, the cellular system of the
lungs, or any other place in the human body, set the excre-
tories all to work and put the fire out, like any sensible fire-
man would do if a city block were on fire. Erysipelas is
reasonably easily handled if seen and treated before the gan-
grenous period or condition sets in, or inflammation has done
its deadly work. The inquirer for information would naturally
ask the question, ' ' Why do the osteopaths want the excretory
system to throw water on the consuming fire?" Let me call
your attention to the fact that you should know, as physiolog-
ical reasoners, that phosphorus with oxygen and surface air, as-
sisted by nerve- and blood-motion, aided by electricity, pro-
duces a union between the oxygen and phosphorus, and the
addition of nitrogen, which occupies much cellular space in the

84 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

body, produces the combustion known as fever heat, and that
phosphorus ceases to unite with anything whilst submerged
in water from secretory and excretory ducts of the system.

We think erysipelas is simply an effect of fermentation of
the blood and other fluids of the surface veins, fascia, and
glands, large and small, of the face and neck. We can see by a
very superficial examination the internal jugular, superior thy-
roid, and anterior jugular, assisted by the external jugular, and
furthermore assisted by the posterior auricular, occipital, tem-
poral, facial, angular, and lingual veins. To continue with the
description of the head, face, and neck, we will draw your atten-
tion to the vena cava superior, the grand outlet, the brachio-
cephalic, and external jugular, with all the blood-vessels drain-
ing the face and neck and emptying into the vena cava superior,
the process of the fluids in which must be undisturbed by any
constriction of the muscles, fascia, or membrane, that would im-
pede and suspend the return of venous blood before asphyxia
and fermentation could possibly set up their destructive ac-
tion. In presenting this short description of the rivers through
which venous blood is conveyed to the heart, I think it not amiss
to refresh your memory by drawing your attention to the sys-
tem and situation of the arteries which are universally distrib-
uted over the face, embracing the whole head, beginning with
the external carotid, facial, transverse facial, coronary, nasal,
orbital, temporal, parietal, occipital, posterior auricular, and in-
ferior carotid. We present the arterial system of the supply,
then the venous system of drainage, in order that by reasoning
you may arrive at a conclusion that there can be no such thing
as a healthy venous stagnation. We find a system of maltage
in which the alcohol of decomposition does its work in erysipe-
las from start to finish. This process goes on and on poisoning
the blood with its deadly yeast until the whole lump is in fer-
mentation. A simple question seems to be in place at this time.

HEAD, FACE, AND SCALP. 85

If a man will die by means of poisonous medicines administered
by way of his mouth, will he not also die from poisons generated
in his own system by the law of fermentation and decomposition?
It is thus that we reason of the death of a part or of the whole
body. This poison has come through the self -generated fluids,
which are poisonous and are absorbed in quantities sufficient to
produce death to the part affected. It may embrace the whole
system. Is it not reasonable to suppose that all the nerve-forces
of Nature found in man will come forward in great haste and
combine all their forces to discharge this deadly enemy? The
heart labors with great force and rapidity. The lungs increase
the process of breathing to many times the normal. The con-
strictor nerves naturally come in to do their work as much as
possible by a convulsive process of relieving the lymphatics of
the face, head, and neck of unwholesome contents. If success-
ful in this effort to disgorge, we have as a result a natural
tendency to health and recovery. The human body will sicken
and die from imperfect drainage just as certainly as the inhab-
itants of a great city would become extinct by collapse or any
method that would block the sewerage main, the vena cava of a
great city. The more we know of perfect drainage of the human
body, the more satisfactory will be results obtained by keeping
up the natural drainage, which should be perfect at all times.
As we have referred to the heart and lungs and to the import-
ance of keeping them free from all obstructions, that they may
do their work to the degree required of them by Nature, we must
also by our reason embrace the importance of keeping the brain
free from impingement by any stagnation in the face or neck
that would diminish freedom of action to and from the brain,
the known local center of nerve-action. Our success as osteo-
paths in treating erysipelas depends altogether upon good
nerve-action, blood-supply, and normal drainage.

CHAPTER V.

The Neck.

ORGANIZED SUBSTANCES OP THE BODY.

The organized substances in the human body, to the stu-
dent of osteopathy, should be in divisions when he begins to
philosophize as an operator. The organized substances of the
body are the skin, fascia, membrane, muscle, ligament, bone,
etc. All parts of the body when in form consist of the sub-
stances above named. The student having passed through de-
scriptive and demonstrative anatomy, histological', chemical,
and physiological studies, will find all parts of the body, without
an exception, to consist of bone, skin, fascia, membrane, cells,
glands, brain, nerves, blood-vessels, etc. If health is perfect,
it only proves perfect harmony in the physiological action of the
body in all its parts and functions. Any variation from perfect
health marks a degree of functional derangement in the physio-
logical department of man. Efforts at restoration from the dis-
eased to the healthy condition should present but one object to
the mind, and that is to explore minutely and seek the variation
from the normal. The first search for this knowledge would
confine us to the bony system, in order to see if any lesion pre-
sents itself by any abnormally large place or places. First
examine the neck, because of its position and connection with
the brain, which is the physiological source through which nerve-
force is supplied and suited to the convenience of the heart, to
assist in delivering such burdens as it may send forth to nour-
ish and sustain the body. Every articulation of the neck should

THE NECK. 87

report itself to the skilled operator as absolutely normal. He
should remember that there are hundreds of ligaments in the
neck, and that any strain or twist may produce an irritating
tangle of nerves that should be wholly free to keep up the func-
tional action of the glands that are so numerously distributed
in the region of the neck, throat, and jaw. A scalenus, a sterno-
mastoid, an omohyoid muscle may be irritated to contraction
sufficient to disturb the nerves of the constrictor muscles, which,
when tightened down upon the blood-channels and nerve-
supply, would cause a dangerous constriction and stop blood
and other fluids from passing to and from adjacent parts, to a
degree of congestion followed by fermentation, which univer-
sally attacks all stagnant fluids of the body. He who has edu-
cated his eye and hand to carefully explore the neck and detect
and adjust variations is the man who is armed and equipped to
bring relief to the child or person suffering with throat or gland-
ular diseases of the neck. Your knowledge of anatomy has
taught you that the hard and soft parts of the neck were put
there for a purpose, and must come up at all times and in every
place to the plans and specifications of this great and important
division of human health and happiness. It is your eye of rea-
son and your finger of touch that I exhort to be instant in season
and out of season. You must know what a neck is, with all its
parts and responsibilities, or you will fail in proportion to your
lack of knowledge, not theoretical, but practical, which you can
only obtain by experience.

TREATMENT OF THE NECK?>

One writer says that you must stimulate or inhibit the
nerves here for lost voice and there for weak eyes, here for sore
throat, and this set of nerves for coughs, that set for caked
breasts, and so on. I wish to emphasize that when I say you must
treat the neck for fits, sore throat, headache, dripping eyes, and

88 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

so on through the whole list of troubles whose causes can be
found in slips of bones of the neck between the skull and the
first dorsal vertebra, I mean, if you know what a neck is, to treat
that neck by putting each bone of the neck in place, from the
atlas to the first dorsal, and go away. You have done the work
and all the good you can do. Reaction and ease will follow just
as sure as you have done your work right. Begin at the head
and start at the first bone of the neck, and don't guess, but know
that it fits to the skull properly above. Then see and know that
it sets squarely on the second bone. Then go on to the third,
fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh bone. Now go up that neck
with your finger and push all the muscles of the neck into their
places. Blood and nerves will do the rest of the work. Follow
this course once or twice a week, and don't fool away any time
fumbling to "stimulate and inhibit,"

THE; ARM.

When he is brought face to face with the stern realities of
the sick-room, the osteopath begins his inquiries and follows
with his questions just far enough to know what division of the
body is in trouble. If he finds that an arm has lost motion, he
goes to the arm to explore for the cause. He can begin his hunt
for the cause at the hand and explore it carefully for wounds,
strains, or any lesion that could injure the nerves of the arm.
If he finds no probable cause there, he should explore the bones
for dislocations or strains of ligaments at the elbow or wrist. If
he finds no defect in these articulations sufficient to locate the
cause, he has only two more places to inspect the shoulder and
the neck, with their articulations of bones and muscles. If you
find all things normal at the shoulder, then go to the neck, from
which all the nerves of the arm are derived. If you find no
lesion or cause equal to the trouble so far, then you have been
careless in your search, and should go over the work again. Care-

THE NECK. 89

fully look, think, feel, and know that the head of the humerus
is true in the glenoid cavity ; that the clavicle is perfect at both
ends of its articulation with the sternum and acromion process.
See that the biceps is in its groove ; that the ribs are true at the
sternum and the spine ; that the neck is true on the first dorsal.
Everything must be true in all joints of the neck, as the nerves of
the arm come from the neck. There can be no variation from
the normal, or trouble will appear. As the neck has much to
do with the arm, we should keep with us a living picture of the
forms of each vertebra, how and where it articulates with others,
how it is joined by ligaments, and what blood-vessels, nerves,
and muscles cross or range with it lengthwise, because from
overlooking a small nerve or blood-vessel you may fail in re-
moving a goitre or in curing many of the diseases of the head,
face, and neck.

STRUCTURE OF THE NECK.

Previous to entering upon the discussion of croup, diph-
theria, tonsillitis, pneumonia, spasms, inflammation of the brain,
and other diseases peculiar to children of a few months or years
of age, I would think it wholly useless without impressing again
upon your minds the importance of a thorough knowledge of
anatomy. When a child dies by disease, he dies all over. The
limit of the ravages of the disease can only be described by the
anatomy of the whole human body, with its physiological and
anatomical systems of blood, both to and from the heart, as di-
rected by such vessels and delivered by the forces of the nerves.
To-day our most eminent authors who have written on such
subjects have sent us into the field of action wholly incompetent
to combat the enemy successfully. At this point of the discus-
sion allow me to call your attention to the fact that the cause of
disease has been for all ages a silent mystery, lying in ambush
and shooting its smokeless powder, and with its deadly bullets

9O PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

slaying its countless millions. No author whom I have ever
consulted has intimated that the cause of such diseases had
planted its battery and skirmishers to do their destructive
work in the nerves of the pelvis. Let us reason from our knowl-
edge of anatomy, giving special attention to the spinal cord
from the occiput to the coccyx, with the many nerves that
branch off from the cord to all divisions of the body, to construct,
nourish, and move the whole machinery of life, as found in the
human body by anatomical and physiological research. Like
the sensitive plant, these nerves cause the machinery of life to
dilate when it receives its nourishment, and contract just as
surely when assailed by enemies that would inflict injury. Care-
fully follow me to about the tenth dorsal vertebra, at which
point you will see the beginning of the cauda equina, with its
legions of nerves, which I am satisfied have secrets in their
bosoms not yet unfolded. As they approach the lumbar, the
pelvis, and the coccyx, and line themselves up for roll-call, we
find them to be that innumerable host that no man has ever
been able to number. Let me ask a few questions : Is it not
plainly probable that this is the great quartermaster on whom
every soldier of human life depends? Does not the mother give
life and form by the constructive labors of this uncounted host?
If this division of the body be as valuable to the human life as
indicated by its system of telephoning that is hinted at by Na-
ture when she has unfolded her great bunch of wires that are to
converse with all parts of the body, we are led not only to think,
but to know, that the language is positive, that this is the sys-
tem of telegraphy, and that those wires conducted from the
main branch, off at a few local stations until they get to that
great city of life that is situated below the tenth dorsal. This
system of wires or nerves is liable to be torn down, as are the
telegraph and telephone wires of St. Louis, New York, or any
other city, by sleet, wind, and storm. We see how completely

THE NECK. 91

all parts of the body are supplied with nerves for all purposes.
Would it not be folly to try to treat local effects when the wisest
author 's eye has never seen any farther than the effects of which
he tells you? Diphtheria affects the upper systems of glands
even to death. The disease also destroys nerves of motion and
sensation, of voice and swallowing, and even causes partial and
total paralysis and death. Many kinds and quantities of drugs
have been used, only to be baffled by the disease, of whose mys-
terious cause nothing is known. Authors tell us that while
diphtheria does its deadly work in the glandular system, croup
does its deadly work in the surface membranes of the trachea
and lungs, but is just as fatal. They leave the cause, and pre-
scribe calomel, whisky, opium, emetics, and chloroform, and
prepare for tracheotomy and the death of the babe or child of
three or five summers.

CROUP, DIPHTHERIA, TONSILLITIS.

If we reason on any subject, we can offer only one cause for
such mental effort ; i. e., conviction in the mind of the person
who thinks and speaks has grown to the conclusion that the
truth pertaining to the subject has not been unfolded with that
degree of wisdom that it should be. As a child, I was taught
that the difference between a doctor of law and a doctor of med-
icine existed in the fact that the doctor of law reasoned from
cause to effect, while the doctor of medicine reasoned from ef-
fect to cause. The lawyer seeks evidence or testimony of truths
with the expectation of a favorable verdict, and on this founda-
tion he proceeds in all cases. If he has presented the whole
truth and nothing but the truth before a just and competent
jury, he has no fear of the result. Still he knows that both
ignorance and dishonesty may exist with bench or with jury.
Thus ends the story of the doctor of common law. Having pre-
sented the condition of the lawyer as we understand it, we will try

92 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

just as honestly to present the condition of the doctor of medi-
cine, or, in other words, the lawyer who deals with physiolog-
ical laws. From the day he enters this great field of usefulness
to the end of his career as a physician, he finds himself con-
fronted with the effects of hidden causes, which are far back in
the dark fogs of mystery. He knows that much depends on his
diagnosis, which, being translated, means to guess from the effect
to the cause that has produced the effect. His experience is
very short before he discovers that nothing pleasant or unpleas-
ant can exist without a cause. He reasons that darkness is an
effect, caused by the absence of light ; that when the earth be-
comes wet, it is an effect of falling water ; therefore, a pain in any
part of the body has a cause, notwithstading its mysteriou s
workings. He has reason to believe that the cause exists in
brain, blood, nerve, electric, or magnetic confusion in the
physiological action of the machinery which sustains animal
life.

At this point we will take up croup for discussion. We
will commence our method of reasoning by setting out with
an apple that falls to the ground from its mother tree, and
receives a bruise which destroys the healthy condition of a
small spot on the surface by that concussion, which soon pro-
ceeds to a destructive condition known as fermentation, or rot,
and continues to the destruction of the whole apple, which dies
undoubtedly from the diffusion of its own dead blood. It is evi-
dent to any observer that in the fall the apple received a dead-
ly wound, that an inflammatory action followed and the fever
or fermentation became general, and the apple died because of
diffusion of deadly fluids to all parts of the body of the apple,
even to death. You see that from the first small bruise it was
natural with the apple and its qualities, when this chemical lab-
oratory was put in motion by the active laws of fermentation,
to go on and on to the destruction of the last vital drop of fluid.

THE NECK. 93

I think you fully understand by this time that something else
is expected to be illustrated by the apple. We will bring in the
child of a few summers from the mother 's breast and set it down
with the pelvic, gluteal, and lower spinal nerves on the cold
ground, which is electro-magnetic without a doubt, but just as
reliable in its effects and as mysterious in its methods of pro-
cedure in producing a deadly shock upon the pudic and lower
spinal nerves and starting it on its deadly work as the law
that governs the apple. Thus we bruise or chill the nerves of
the rectum, because it is the nature of cold to contract tissues.
We will proceed from the plexuses there and journey upward,
to observe the powerful action these nerves exercise over
membranes, ligaments, and fibers. A powerful shock surely is
received by the fascia, with its cellular and lymphatic systems,
which extend to every muscle. It is the fascia that I am speak-
ing of now, and I want you to hold it in your memory because
of its universality through the whole human body. The fas-
cia has much to do in feeding its own and other nerves, even
on to the spinal cord, which is the one great conductor from the
brain. The nerves which the spinal cord throws off, be they
sensory, motor, or nutrient, their harmony must not be tam-
pered with any more than that of the apple. By an irritation
of those nerves you are warned to look for danger. The con-
strictor nerves, that have already produced constriction at the
buttock, are as sure to reach the lungs, with their overpowering
quantities of albumin, fibrin, and asphyxiated blood from the
lymphatics and the whole cellular system, as the shock or bruise
is certain to extend to and cause constriction of the kidneys
and leave them in a spasmodic condition, during which time
they cease to receive and excrete all substances not healthy
in the territory they should drain. So far we find constriction
of bowels, bladder, and all membranes and muscles of the abdo-
men and all its organs. In croup we find both kidneys drawn

94 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

convulsively together, forming a pyramid over the aorta, vena
cava, and thoracic duct. We find the buttock of the child ex-
tremely cold, with no arterial action below the crus. On exam-
ination, we find the diaphragm constricted, rigid, and tight.
We find the diaphragm almost inactive during spasmodic
croup. Here I think I am warranted in saying that the spas-
modic action beginning at the buttock and extending to the dia-
phragm has been presented plainly enough so that you can fully
comprehend what I think is the initial cause of croup. A shock
to the nerves of the cellular system and their contents when un-
loaded and carried to the lungs becomes deadly from the fact of
the resistance the blood receives at the diaphragm. The deposits
called membranous deposits are exuded matter from the cellu-
lar system to the mucous membrane of the trachea and lungs,
with their appendages.

DIPHTHERIA.

"Our doctor said the child died from the effects of diph-
theria, which ran into malignant sore throat and tonsillitis of
gangrenous nature. Our doctor is a mighty good man. He
did all he could for sister. He said he wanted to save sister, and,
in consultation with two doctors that he had summoned from
Boston and New York, he did all he could to save her life. They
used all remedies, new and old. They swabbed her throat with
caustics and used the most powerful throat-washes known in
Europe and America. They exhausted all the simple family
remedies, and even put a tube in sister's windpipe to let the air
into the lungs, but she died in spite of all that could be done. ' '

The girl is dead. The disease was called diphtheria, a very
dangerous and contagious disease. It was reported to the
board of health, who ordered out flags as a warning for others
to keep out. This has been the practice and treatment in these
cases for lo these many years. Who has ever questioned our

THE NECK. 95

sages and our systems of reason and treatment in colds and dis-
eases of the throat, tonsils, and glands of the neck and their
passages? Did we ever halt and reason that the white patches
found in the mouth and throat were put there to guard the parts
against coming injuries that hurried breathing, cold air, food,
and drink might produce? Did we ever ask why God put such
a covering over these exposed surfaces? When we remove these
natural guards to life, have we not flatly disputed the wisdom
of Nature ? If we remove them and say we do no harm, would
we not, under such a rule of reasoning, be just as wise in removing
the bark from our fruit-trees, expecting the trees to do better
without the bark than to let it stay where Nature put it until
the tree grew its wood and fruit and dropped its old bark,
when it had made new and was prepared to part with the old
that was of no further use to the life of the tree? Would it not
be wisdom for a few times in our practice among sore throats to
let the bark stay where Nature had placed it until it had done
the work for which it had been formed?

A word from long experience in diseases of the mouth,
throat, and neck of the young. We have given much more
faith to local symptoms and local treatments than we should.
The best we can say of such is that it leads us into a system of
routine work, which is followed by the school the doctor of med-
icine hails from. Forty years ago I began to let throats alone,
by keeping all kinds of washes out of sore throats. For sore
spots I gave the baby, boy or girl, starch gruel, the white of an
egg, gum Arabic, or some pasty drink to cover the sore spots.
Give such often until soreness leaves the throat.

I am proud to report that I have lost no case of croup, sore
throat, tonsillitis, or diphtheria since I quit the unphilosoph-
ical practice of washing and swabbing children's throats, which
I think kills 75 per cent of the cases that have died from infan-
tile throat troubles. Give your patients sensible osteopathic

96 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPI/ES OF OSTEOPATHY.

treatment, and keep washes out ; give them plenty of gruel to
eat and cover the sore spots, and you will have but few dead
babies, if any, out of your list of throat diseases among children.

In talking on diphtheria and other throat diseases to the
students of my school, I do so with the knowledge that I am
before men and women of intelligence, who are well read in
the very best of American literature, which is equal to the very
best of the most advanced nations of the earth. I know, too,
that you did not come here for any foolishness or child's play, at
a heavy loss of time and money. You came to this military
school for drill, that you could be better prepared to combat
with the great army of diseases that is dealing death by the
millions annually to the human race all over the earth. I know
you mean business, and I propose to talk business to you dur-
ing your sojourn with us.

Our medical doctors are men of our race, and they have
bravely fought for the lives of our children. They have used
the best weapons they could plan and build. They have failed
to batter down and take the forts of the enemy. The enemy
has guns and ammunition of better strength and longer range.
The enemy has made the most skilled generals of medicine run
up the white flag of surrender and the blue flags of danger, which
warn others to keep out of range of diphtheria, smallpox, and
so on to the full list of contagions and infections.

Who has ever run up a white flag except the man who real-
ized that he had no power to resist longer, nor hope of victory?
What has the doctor done but multiply his drugs and chronicle
defeat? He knows and says that drugs are strong compounds,
of which he is just as ignorant as a bootjack. Like a rhinoceros,
he sees and fights only the smoke of the gun that throws the
deadly bullets that tear asunder his frame and let the life out.
The medical man ends with his little book on symptomatology,
and doses and kills babies just as fast now as at any time for a

THE NECK. 97

thousand years. He knows his practice is not trustworthy.
He cuts and tries, and does not know whether the tree will do
better or worse if he skins the bark off the babies' throats. He
swabs, and daubs, and tries to keep up with the last antitoxin
fad, and then turns the dead baby over to the deacon who levels
all babies for heaven, and tells us, "The Lord giveth, and the
Lord taketh." Then the hunter sets out on a hunt for more
quail. He shoots on the wing only, but he gets a heap of quail,
and asks all legislatures to give him a good quail law and keep
out all hunters but him and his kind.

Croup, diphtheria, tonsillitis, and kindred diseases of the
neck, throat, and lungs that appear with the quick changes of
weather in fall and winter, should be well reasoned upon by the
osteopath before he begins his treatment. He finds, when called
to treat a sore and swelled tonsil, in some a croupy cough, fever
on face, head, and breast ; but he will find the baby's hips, and in
fact the whole body, with the usual flatness lost, and round from
the base of the skull to the pelvic bottom. We run to our little
book of symptomatology, and find we have what is called croup,
diphtheria, tonsillitis, and so on. Here we ask no more ques-
tions, but begin to dose, drop, cut the throat, and send for more
doctors and the latest antitoxin or the last fad that we have read
in some journal. The babe dies. A next comes, to run the
same gauntlet that many have tried, failed, and died in.

TREATMENT OF DIPHTHERIA.

With a knowledge of the beginning of these diseases, the op-
erator has but few points to observe, and they are physiological
facts of functioning and mechanical skill. Thus armed, we will
find diphtheria to be the effect of cold acting on constrictor mus-
cles of the neck by irritation of constricted nerves, by atmos-
pheric changes from hot to cold. Such changes appear at all
times of the year, but are more common in the fall and winter.

98 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

Much ignorance prevails as to its contagious nature. No known
cause for its appearance has been found that is not in doubt. I
think that troubles that appear to be contagious in times of their
prevalence are called so on opinions formed on quantity more
than on any known facts as to their infectious nature. The chil-
dren of one family may take diphtheria and die, and all their
school- and play-mates visit at all times during the worst stages
to the hour of death, and not a single one takes the disease, or sore
throat, or anything like it. It appears as a cold and does its
work as a cold. It confounds the harmony of the nervous sys-
tem. It acts as a wound or a shock to the vaso-dilators, caus-
ing them to give way to the constrictor nerves and stop the mo-
tion of the lymph in the lymphatic vessels long enough to fer-
ment, heat up and dry the lymph of the epithelial and adipose
tissues and cellular membrane of the tonsils, trachea, and all
air-passages, tubes, and cells of the lungs, till by inflammation
the mucous membrane is sloughed off, with such deposits as ac-
cumulate in the mouth, throat, and trachea. If there is any
truth in the theory that bacteria of the same kind and form are
found in all places of diphtheria, I would suggest inquiring into
the health of the cow's udder from which the milk is taken
that the children have been drinking. Perhaps that cow has
but three teats that give "sound" milk, and the other gives
lumpy or bloody milk from an ulcer, cancer, or tubercular bag.
I fear that the bacteria are swallowed in diseased milk.

WHOOPING-COUGH.

I have perused all the authorities obtainable, and have ad-
vised and counseled with them for information in reference to
the cause of whooping-cough until I am constrained to think,
whether I say so or not, that I have had many additions of words
during the conversation, and, to use a homely phrase, less sense
than I started out with. My tongue is tired, my brain exhausted,

THE NECK. 99

my hopes disappointed, and my mind disgusted, that after all
this effort to obtain some positive knowledge of whooping-
cough, I have received nothing that would give me any light
whatever, pertaining to the subject. The writers wind upjthus :
that it may be due to a germ that irritates the pneumogastric
nerve. I go off as blank and empty as the fish lakes on the moon.
I supposed that the writers would say something in reference to
the irritating influence of this disease on the nerves that would
contract or convulsively shorten the muscles that attach at the
one end to the os hyoid, and at the other end at various points
along the neck, and force the hyoid back against the pneumo-
gastric nerve, hypoglossal, cervical, or some other nerve that
would be irritated by the pressure.

The above picture will give the reader some idea why I be-
came so thoroughly disgusted with the heaps of compiled trash.
I say "trash," because there was not a single truth, great or small,
to guide me in search of the desired knowledge. And at this point
I will say, on my first independent exploration I found all of the
nerves and muscles that are attached to the os hyoid contracted,
shortened, and pulling the hyoid back, bringing pressure against
the pneumogastric nerve and all the nerves in that vicinity.
Every muscle was in a hard and contracted condition hi the re-
gion of this portion of the trachea, and extending up and into the
back part of the tongue. Then I satisfied myself that this irrita-
ble condition of the muscles was possibly the cause of the spasms
of the trachea during the convulsive cough. I proceeded at once
with my hand, guided by my judgment, to suspend or stop for
awhile the action of the nerves of sensation that go with and con-
trol the muscles of the machinery which conducts air to and
from the lungs. My first effort, while acting upon this philoso-
phy, was a complete relaxation of all muscles and fibers of that
part of the neck, and when they relaxed their hold upon the
respiratory machinery, the breathing became normal. I have

100 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

been asked, "What bone would you pull when treating whoop-
ing-cough?" My answer would be: "The bones that hold by
attachment the muscles of the hyoid system in such irritable
condition, beginning with the atlas and terminating with the
sacrum." To him who has been a faithful student in the Amer-
ican School of Osteopathy, the successful management of whoop-
ing-cough should be reliable and successful in all cases, when
the case is received for treatment in anything like a reason-
able time.

Before we leave that wisely constructed neck, I want to
press and imprint on your minds in the strongest terms that the
wisest anatomist and physiologist, the oldest and most success-
ful osteopath, knows only enough of the neck and its wondrous
system of nerves, blood, and muscles, and its relation to all
above and below it, to say, "From everlasting to everlasting,
Thou art great, O Lord God Almighty! Thy wisdom is surely
boundless." For we see that man must be wise to know all
about the neck, for by a twist of that neck we may become blind,
deaf, spasmodic, lose speech and memory, and many other ills
befall us. Think for a moment of the thousands and tens of
thousands of large and small vessels that pass through the neck,
to and from the heart and brain, to every organ, bone, fiber,
muscle, and gland in the body.

o 1

CHAPTER VI.

The Thorax.

INHIBITION AND STIMULATION.

When we use the terms "inhibition" and "stimulation,"
we mean to cut off or to excite to greater activity blood or any
fluids, magnetic, electric, or life forces. One has said, "Life is
that calm force sent forth by Deity to vivify all nature. ' ' Let
us accept and act on it as true, that life is that force sent forth
by the Mind of the universe to move all nature, and apply all
our energies to keep that living force at peace, by retaining
the house of life in good form from foundation to dome. Let
us read a few lines in the book of Nature. If we stop blood
hi transit and note a few changes that Nature's chemistry
takes on to remove dead blood, that has died because of delay in
veins and arteries, we will note that if blood fails to pass a point
owing to an obstructing cause, the lungs begin to labor, taking
in much more than the usual amount of air. This fills the chest
so full that the blood is forced into the arterial system for a short
time by the force of all five lobes of the lung. At this time but
little blood is left in the chest, because the air in the lungs is so
great in bulk that to make room for that bulk the blood had to
be pushed from the chest to other places. Now you see blood
forced from chest to arteries by atmospheric pressure, which
fills all space in the chest ; but as soon as the air is taken out of
the chest, a vacuum is made, large enough to hold three quarts
of blood which has been detained by stop-valves in the veins
and kept back and out of the chest until the air is forced out by

PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

1 A '!t' > I 10

102

MoYHq

exhalation; then the blood rushes in from the whole venous
system, by force of contraction of the flesh of the whole body,
which drives the venous blood back to the heart. Thus we see
atmospheric pressure acting on arteries. The air is in the lungs,
and forces blood from the heart by inside pressure of the atmos-
phere ; then we see venous blood forced back to the heart through
the veins by outside atmospheric pressure, fourteen pounds to
the square inch of skin surface. The body during animal life has
internal and external atmospheric pressure to assist arterial
and venous circulation.

LUNGS PLACE, POWER, AND USE.

We see, when we open the chest, that the lungs are centrally
situated in the chest and directly behind the heart. We find
them located at a place where they change form by inhaling air,
which change calls for over two hundred cubic inches of space,
which can only be prepared for by removals. If we look and rea-
son, we will conclude that as the ribs are moved outwardly from
the heart, the diaphragm downward and the abdomen filling out
and down, there is some power making this pressure. This is
evident to him who reasons at all. Then he is ready to hunt
and locate the cause. He has only to consult his own power of
reason, aided by his observation, to learn that the inner side of
the chest is the location and the lung is the organ that wedges
out ribs, blood, and flesh while in distention. One thought of
the power of atmospheric pressure will start reason in motion,
and we will see that atmospheric pressure is one of the most
important powers that any philosopher can conceive of, for
pressing the blood forward from the heart through the arterial
distribution; then again, as the air leaves the chest a vacuum
is made and venous blood naturally comes to the lungs to be
purified, and when purified, the next breath filling up the
chest, it is naturally forced to the heart, to have this newly
prepared blood conveyed to its destiny.

THE THORAX. 103

Here I will insert all I have to say of lung diseases. By
some force the lungs open and fill to the full capacity of the
chest. How the lungs are filled is not of so much importance to
an osteopath as to know that they do fill the chest so full that it
pushes blood, ribs, and flesh off to make room for themselves.
That is one of Nature 's methods for keeping blood in motion,
both by pressure while filling the lungs and by forming a vacuum
when letting air escape from the lungs. We find a great power
and use in the pressure of the lungs when filling,on arterial blood
to drive it through the system, and a vacuum to receive venous
blood when air escapes, that has been held in the veins by
valves which keep blood from being pushed back while the
artery is being aided by pressure to supply all parts of the
system.

The lungs open and shut; they swell and shrink. They
open to take in air and also hold the air for a short period. They
run by involuntary action. When they fill with air, they take
up from one hundred to two hundred and forty cubic inches of
space in the chest, and to get that space blood must be removed,
ribs must be pushed out, diaphragm down; that coming bulk
has to be hauled into the chest by the ability of the cups or cells
to drink, swallow, or suck in the air. So far the ' 'how ' ' is but lit-
tle understood. Still, it goes in and out of the lungs. Authors
try to tell of muscle, bone, and other aids and "hows." We
read much, but know little when we read from twenty to a hun-
dred pages on lung-action by this and that author, for they give
no real and positive light on their use and power. What I want
to say is in reference to the power of the lungs when filling or
full. There is pressure, power, and force that does, can, and
will wedge, push, or force blood and other substances out of the
way as the lungs expand to the full size of all the space allotted
them in the pleural cavity. We soon see, if we observe at all,
that pressure will assist in driving the blood through the arterial

104 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

system as it leaves the heart. We find the veins, both great
and small, provided with two-stop valves, which prevent the
blood from falling back when on its course to the heart. No
amount of pressure, short of rupture, can cause the blood to re-
turn from whence it came. But as soon as the pressure is taken
off the veins of the lungs, the blood naturally flows or pours into
the heart. We look upon this as the provision by which the
arterial flow is assisted by lung-pressure and the venous flow
checked until the arterial system has supplied all demands upon
the surface. Then the pressure eases up and the blood naturally
flows to the heart for the next process of distribution to the lungs,
to receive such chemical substances as are necessary to purify
and qualify the blood to be returned to the heart for universal
distribution. Thus we see not only the chemical use of the
lungs, but by them the blood receives assisting pressure and acts
by that pressure to keep the blood and other substances in per-
petual motion.

A question like this would be quite natural to the student :
If blood is driven by lung-force, how does it move in foetal life
before the lung is formed? A good answer to that would be,
that in foetal life the mother's lungs give purity to the child's
blood, and her arterial force takes the place of after-birth action
and force demanded previous to birth. Thus we see Nature
has filled all demands in animal life.

Following this lengthy description of the form and location
of the lungs, we have your mind in a prepared condition to take
up lung diseases, to lead you to the causes of the effects better
known as diseases of the lungs.

PNEUMONIA.

Under this familiar name or title we will say to the inex-
perienced student that in changes of atmospheric conditions
the lungs receive shocks which wound or disturb the natural

THE) THORAX. 105

harmony of lung-action by irritating the nerve-terminals as
they appear in the mucous membrane of the lungs. This irri-
tation after a time produces constriction of fibers, tissues, and
muscles of the lungs, so as to prohibit freedom in the passage
of the blood while in the venous system to such a degree as to
suspend atmospheric assimilation long enough to produce as-
phyxia and death of blood-corpuscles and other substances that
may be or should be in action in a healthy condition of the lungs.
We find stagnation, stoppage, accumulation, and congestion to
the degree of irritability of a part or whole of the lungs. Now
we have a condition of inactive fluids deposited in some part
of one or all five divisions of the lungs, which take on themselves
the first step of fermentation. This is followed by another ac-
tion caused and known as inflammation, which brings in the
higher and more active forces, which produce an increase in
temperature to the degree known as fever, which may be many
degrees hotter than the normal temperature of the body. We
may have what is well known as pneumonia or lung fever, which
passes on in quick succession to other stages, such as coughing
up blood for a day or a longer period, until this increased tem-
perature and augmented action have changed the dead blood
into gaseous fluids and thrown them off from and out of the
lungs. With the change from coughing up of blood we have
healthy and healing pus.

We see in pneumonia a disease beginning in an irritation
of the sensory nerves, and progressing from that condition of
irritation to congestion, inflammation, recovery, or death.

CONSUMPTION.

I have not written much on "Consumption," because I
wanted to test my conclusions by long and careful observations
on cases that I have taken and successfully treated without
drugs. I kept the results from public print until I could ob-

106 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

tain positive proof that consumption can be cured. So far the
discovered causes give me little doubt, and the cures are a cer-
tainty in very many cases. An early beginning is one of the
great considerations in incipient consumption.

I believe so many deaths by consumption will soon be with
the things of the past, if the cases are taken early and handled
by a skilled mind, one trained for that responsible place. That
mind must be taught this as a special branch. It is too deep
for superficial knowledge or imperfect work. Life is in danger,
and can be saved by skill, not by force and ignorance. He who
sees only the dollar in the lung is not the man to trust with your
case.

It is such men as have the ability to think, and the skill to
comprehend and execute the application of Nature's unerring
laws, that obtain the results required. We believe the day has
come, and long before noon the fear of consumption will greatly
pass from the minds of people. We have long since known and
proven that a cough is only an effect. If an effect, then a wise
man will set his mental energy on the track to hunt the cause.
He has all the evidence in the cough, location of pain, tenderness
of spine and chest, and quality of the substances coughed up, to
locate the cause, and to know, when he has found it, how to re-
move it and give relief. It will grow more simple as he reasons
and notes effect. We do not think that this result will be
obtained every time by even an average mind, unless it has a
special training for that purpose. The physician must not only
know that the lungs are in the upper part of the chest, close to
the heart, liver, and stomach, but he must know the relations all
sustain to each other, and that the blood must be abundantly
supplied to support and nourish the five sets of nerves sen-
sory, motor, nutrient, voluntary, and involunatary. If the
supply should be diminished on the nutrient nerves, weakness
would follow ; reduce the supply from the motor and it will have

THE THORAX. 107

the same effect. Motion becomes too feeble to carry blood to
and from the lungs normally, and the blood becomes diseased
and congested, because it is not passed on to other parts with
the force necessary for the health of the lungs.

At this time the nerves of sensation become irritated by
pressure and lack of nutriment, and we cough, which is an ef-
fort of Nature to unload the burden of oppression that con-
gestion causes with the sensory nerves. If this be effect,
then we must suffer and die, or remove the cause, put out the
fire, and stop waste of life. Nature will do its work of repair-
ing in due time. Let us reason by comparison. If we dislo-
cate a shoulder, fever and heat will follow. The same is true of
all limbs and joints of the body. If any obstructing blood or
other fluid should be deposited hi quantities great enough to
stop other fluids from passing on their way, Nature will fire up
its engine to remove such deposits by converting fluids into gas.
As heat and motion are important as remedies, we may expect
fever and pain until Nature's furnace produces heat, forms and
converts its fluids into gas and other deposits, and passes
them through the excretories to space, and allows the body to
work normally again.

We believe consumption causes the death of thousands
annually who might be saved. We must not let stupidity veil
our reason, and we are to blame if we let so many run into
"consumption" from a simple hard cough. The remedy is
natural, and, we believe, from results already obtained, 75 per
cent can be cured if taken in time. What we generally call
"consumption" begins with a cough, chilly sensations, and lasts
a day or two. Sometimes fever follows with a cough, either
high or low. The cold generally relaxes hi a few days, the lungs
get "loose," and much sputa is raised for a period, but the cough
appears again and again with all changes of weather, and lasts
longer each time, until it becomes permanent. It is called "con-

108 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

sumption," because of this continuance. Medicines are admin-
istered freely and frequently, but the lungs grow worse, cough
more continued and much harder, till finally blood begins to
come from the lungs and there is a wasting of strength. A change
of climate is suggested and taken, but with no change for the
better. Another and another travels to death on the same line.
Then the doctor in council reports "hereditary consumption,"
and with his decision all are satisfied, and each member of the
family feels that a cold and cough means a coffin, because the
doctor says the family has "hereditary consumption." This
shade-tree has given comfort and contentment to the doctors of
the past.

If you have a tiresome and weakening cough at the close of
the winter, and wish to be cured, we would advise you to begin
osteopathic treatment at once, to enable the lungs to heal and
harden against the next winter's attack.

A DESCRIPTION OF CONSUMPTION.

For fear you do not understand what I mean by "consump-
tion," I will write on a descriptive line quite pointedly. I will
give the start and the progress to fully developed consumption.
We often meet with cases of a permanent cough, with expecto-
rations of long duration, dating back two, five, ten, even thirty
years, to the time the patient had measles. The severity of the
cough and strain had congested even the lung-substances, and
a chronic inflammation was the result. If we analyze the sputa,
we find fibrin and even lung-muscle. Does all this array of dan-
gerous symptoms cause an osteopath to give up in despair? It
should not ; on the other hand, he should go deeper on the hunt
for the cause. He may find trouble in the fibers of the pneumo-
gastric nerve. The atlas or hyoid, vertebra, rib, or clavicle may
be pressing on some nerve that supplies the mucous membrane of
air-cells or passages. If a cut foot will often produce lockjaw ,

THE THORAX. 109

why will not a pressure on some center, branch, or nerve-fiber
cause some division of the nerves of the lungs that govern
venous circulation, to contract and hold blood indefinitely as an
irritant, and cause perpetual coughing?

This is not the time for the osteopath to run up the white
flag of defeat and surrender. Open the doors of your purest
reason, put on the belt of energy, and unload the sinking vessel
of life. Throw overboard all dead weights from the fascia, and
wake up the forces of the excretories. Let the nerves all show
their powers to throw out every weight that would sink or re-
duce the vital energies of Nature. Give them a chance to work,
give them full nourishment, and the victory will be on the
side of the intelligent engineer. Never surrender, but die in the
last ditch. Let us enter the field of active exploration, and note
the causes that would lead us to conclude we have the cause
that produces "consumption," as it has ever been called.

Begin at the brain, go down the ladder of observation, stop
and whet your knives of sharp mental steel, get your nerves
quiet by the opium of patience. Begin with the atlas, follow it
with the searchlight of quickened reason, comb back your hair
of mental strength, and never leave that bone until you have
learned how many nerves pass through and around that wisely
formed first part of the neck. Remember it was planned and
builded by the mind and hand of the Infinite. See what nerve-
fibers pass through and on to the base and center, and each
minute cell, fascia, gland, and blood-vessel of the lungs. Do
you not know that each nerve-fiber for its place is king and
lord of all?

THE EFFECTS OF CONSUMPTION.

I think consumption begins by closing the channels in the
neck for the lymph, which stands as one of, if not the most high-
ly refined elements in animal bodies. Its fineness would indi-

110 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

cate that it is a substance that must be delivered in full supply
continually to keep health normal. If so, we will, for experi-
mental reasons, look at the neck ligated, as found in measles,
croup, colds, and eruptive fevers. Supply is stopped from pass-
ing below the atlas for three days. During such diseases fever
runs high at this time and dries up the albumen, giving cause for
tubercles, as fever has dried out the water and left the albumen
in small deposits in the lungs, liver, kidneys, and bowels. If this
view of the great uses of lymph is true as a cause of glandular
growths and other dead deposits, have we not a cause for miliary
tuberculosis? Have we not encouragement to prosecute with
interest, in the hope of an answer to the question, "What is tu-
berculosis ?" Our writers are just as much at sea to-day as they
were a thousand years ago. I will give the reader some of the
reasons why I think the mischief was started while fluids were
cut off by congestion of the neck. By the crudest method of rea-
soning, we would conclude that from the form of the neck many
objects are indicated, and the material of which it is composed
would give reason to turn all its powers of thought, to ask why
it is so formed as to twist, bend, straighten, stiffen, and relax
at will, to suit so many purposes? A very tough skin, a sheath,
surrounds the neck with blood-vessels, nerves, muscles, bones,
ligaments, fascia, glands, great and small, throat and trachea.
In bones we find a great canal for the spinal cord. It is well and
powerfully protected by a strong wall of bone, so no outer press-
ure can obstruct the flow of passing fluids, to keep the vitality
supplied by brain-forces ; but with all the protection given to
the cord, we find that it can be overcome by impacted fluids to
such a degree as to stop blood and other fluids from supplying
the lungs and everything below.

THE CAUSE OF CONSUMPTION.

Consumption to an osteopath should be known as the grave-
yard in which the dead have been sent from the hospitals of the

THE THORAX. Ill

physical forms of the body, and directly from the fascia of all.
We reason, when the lungs throw off dead matter, that the blood-
corpuscles have died in the hospitals of the fascia, omentum,
and mesentery, and in proportion to the death of the corpuscles
so is the supply of sputa deposited and coughed up, until the pu-
trid bodies exceed both the able-bodied and the wounded ; then
the vital powers yield in death to universal putrescence, a total
collapse, or to the death of the man, and he is listed "died of pul-
monary consumption. ' ' I hope that this method of reasoning
to the student of osteopathy will enable him to reach further
back into the cause that has produced the effect that has been
so little understood, so deadly in its ravages and so extended in
its field of destruction to the human family. At this time in our
investigation we will ask the student to refresh his mind by
reviewing his anatomy, looking very carefully to the nerve- and
blood-supply, both superficial, deep-seated, and universal.

MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS.

"A tubercle is a separate body being enveloped." All de-
scriptions of a tubercle amount to about this, that the tubercle is
a quantity of fleshy substance, which may be albumen, fibrin,
or any other substance collected and deposited at one place
in the human body, and covered with a film composed gener-
ally of fibrinous substances, and deposited in a spherical form
and separated from all similarly formed spheres by fascia. They
may be very numerous, for many hundreds may occupy one
cubic inch, and yet each one is distinct. They seem to develop
only where fascia is abundant, in the lungs, liver, bowels, and
skin. After formation, they may exist and show nothing but
roughened surfaces, and when the period of dissolution and the
solvent powers of the chemical laboratory take possession to
banish them from the system, the work of banishment gener-
ally begins when some catarrhal disease is preying upon the

112 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

human system. Nature seems to make its first effort at the
catarrhal period for the purpose of disposing of such substan-
ces as have accumulated. At that time it brings forward all
the solvent qualities and applies them, with the assistance of
the motor force, to driving out all irritating substances through
the bowels, the lungs, and the porous and excretory system.
Electricity is called in as the motor force to be used in expelling
all unkindly substances. By this effort of Nature, which is an
increased action of the motor nerves, electricity is brought to
the degree of heat called fever, which, if better understood, we
would possibly find to be the necessary heat of the furnace of
the body to convert dead substances into gas, which can travel
through the excretory system and be thrown from the body
much easier than water, lymph, albumen, or fibrin.

During this process of gas-burning, a very high tempera-
ture is obtained by the increased action of the arterial system
through the motor nerves, permeating the tubercles and caus-
ing an inflammation by the gaseous disturbance so produced;
another effort of Nature to convert those tubercles into gas and
relieve the body of their presence and irritable occupancy.

As an illustration, we will ask the reader if he could rea-
sonably expect to pass a common towel through a pipestem?
Nevertheless Nature can easily do it. Confine the towel in a
cylinder and apply fire, which in time will convert the towel into
gas or smoke, and enable it to pass through the stem. Is it not
just as reasonable to suppose those high temperatures of the
body are Nature's furnaces, making fires to burn out of those
dead bodies, while passing them through the skin in order to
get rid of these substances that are packed all through the hu-
man fascia, and can only be passed from the body in a gaseous
form.

The blackened eye of the pugilist soon fires up its furnaces
and proceeds to generate gas from the dead blood that surrounds

THE THORAX. 113

the eye. Though it may be in considerable quantities under
the skin, the blood soon disappears, leaving the face and eye
normal to all appearances. No pus has formed, nor deposit left ;
fever disappears; the eye is well. What better effort could
Nature offer than through its gas-generating furnace? I will
leave any other method for you to discover. I know of none
that my reason can grasp.

When reason sees a white corpuscle in the fascia not taken
up as a nutrient, it attaches itself to the fascia with all its uter-
ine powers during the time of measles or other eruptive dis-
eases, and soon takes form and is a vital and durable being
whose name is "tubercle." All tubercles are unappropriated
substances whom Mother Fascia has clothed and ordered in camp
for treatment and repairs, and has placed on the list of enrolled
pensioners, to draw on the treasury of the fascia until death
shall discharge them.

The mothers of the human race give birth to children from
the time of their puberty to sterility. They may give birth a
dozen times, but Nature finally calls a halt, and the whole sys-
tem of life-sustaining nerves of the womb which are in the fas-
cia, with blood in great abundance to supply foetal life, ceases
to go farther with the processes of building beings. Vitality for
that purpose stops, never to return. Nature has no longer a
demand for her system to act as a constructing cause for other
beings of her kind, and she is free the remainder of her days.

VARIETY OP BIRTHS.

A question arises, Are children the only beings she can de-
velop in her systemand give birth to? No ; she can go through
other processes of breeding. In her fascia there is one seed
which, if vitalized, will develop a being called "measles." She
never has but one confinement. That set of nerves that gave
support and growth to measles died in the delivery of the child,

114 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

and never can conceive and produce any more measles. An-
other seed lives in her fascia waiting to be vitalized by the male
principle of smallpox, and when it is born it always kills the
nerves that gave it life and form. And the person never can
have but one such child or being during life. Still another seed
awaits the coming of the commissary to nourish while it con-
sumes that vitality in the fascia of the glands to develop the
portly child we call "mumps." Both male and female con-
ceive and give birth to these beings, and then tear up the tracks
and roads behind them, by killing the demand for such kinds.

I want to draw the mind of the reader to the fact that no
being can be formed without material, a place in which to be
developed, and with all forces necessary for the work. And as
all excrescences and abnormal growths, diseases, and condi-
tions must have the friendly assistance of the fascia before de-
velopment, the fascia is the place to look for the cause of dis-
ease and the place to begin the action of remedies in all diseases.

"We can arrive at truth only by the powerful rules of rea-
son," the philosopher has shouted from the housetops during
all these ages. He adjusts his many supposable causes, and
adds to and subtracts from until he arrives at a conclusion
based upon the facts of his observations. We must know the
principles that exist in substances and seeds by which, when
associated with proper conditions, that powerful engine known
as "animal life" gives truth, with fact and motion as its vouch-
er. We reason, if corn be planted in moist and warm earth,
that action and growth will present the form of a living stalk of
corn, which has existed in embryo, and still continues its vital
actions as long as the proper conditions prevail, until the growth
and development are completed. If you take a seed in your
fingers, push it in the ground and cover it up, incubation, growth,
and development is expected in obedience to the law under
which it serves. Thus we see, in order to succeed, we must

THE THORAX. li.J

deposit and cover up the seed, that the laws of gestation may
have an opportunity to get the results desired. As Nature al-
ways presents itself to our minds as seeds deposited in proper
soil and season, and it is loyal to its own laws only, we are con-
strained by this method of reasoning to conclude that disease
must have a soil in which to plant its seeds before gestation
and development. It must have seasonable conditions, the
rains of nourishment, also the necessary time required for such
processes. All these laws must be fulfilled to the letter ; other-
wise a failure is certain. As the great laboratory of Nature is
always at work in the human body, the chilling winds and poi-
sonous breaths, with extremes of heat and cold at different sea-
sons of the year by day and night, and the lungs and skin are
continually secreting and excreting every minute, hour, and
day of our lives, is it not resonable to suppose that we inhale
many elements that are floating in the common winds that con-
tain the seeds of some destructive element, to the harmony of
fluids that are necessary to sustain the healthy animal forms?
Suppose it should start the yeast, or kind of substance that
lives mainly upon lime. If this yeast, in its action and thirst
for food to suit its life and appetite, should call in from the
earth, water, and atmosphere for its daily food lime substances
only, and by its power destroy all other principles taken as
nourishment, is it not reasonable to suppose it would deposit
such elements in overpowering quantities in the fascia of the
mucous membrane of the lungs, so as to overcome the renovat-
ing powers of the lungs and excretory system? This deposit
acts as an irritant to the sensory nerves to such an extent that
the electricity of the motor nerves is forced to take charge of
and run the machinery of the human body, with a velocity
sufficient to raise the temperature of the body, by putting the
electricity above the normal action of animal life, and thereby
generate that temperature known as fever.

Il6 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

The two extremes, heat and cold, may be the causes of
retention and detention. One is detained by the contraction
of cold until the blood and other fluids die by asphyxia. The
warm temperature produces relaxation of the nerves, blood,
and all other vessels of the fascia, during which time the arteries
are injecting too great quantities of fluids to be renovated
by the excretory system. Then you have a cause for decom-
position of the blood and other substances. You have a log-
ical foundation and a cause for all diseases, catarrhal and cli-
matic, contagions, infections, and epidemics. The fascia proves
itself to be the probable matrix of life and death. When har-
monious in normal action, health is good ; when perverted, dis-
ease results.

LUNG DISEASES.

In America man has dreaded diseases of the lungs more
than any other one disease. If we compare pulmonary dis-
eases with other maladies, we find that more persons die of
consumption, pneumonia, bronchitis, and nervous coughs than
from smallpox, typhus and bilious fever, and all other fevers
combined. Many diseases of contagious nature stay in the
city or country or in an army but a short time ; they kill a
few and disappear, and may not return for many years. This
is the history of yellow fever, cholera, and other epidemics.
They slay their hundreds, and cease as unceremoniously as
they began. But when we think of diseases that begin to show
their effects in tonsils, trachea, and lining membranes of the
air-passages, we find we are in a boundless ocean.

It takes no great mind to know from past observation
that a common cold often holds on and settles down to chronic
inflammation of the lungs, and the patient dies of consump-
tion, croup, diphtheria, or tonsillitis. Catarrhal troubles stay
and waste vitality by causing a failure in oxidation while in

THE THORAX. 117

the lungs. Diphtheria paves the way for the young and old
to die of consumption. Vitiated air in dance-halls, opera-houses,
churches, and school-houses never fails to inspect and deposit
the seeds of consumption in weak lungs.

As one delves deeper and deeper into the machinery and
exacting laws of life, he beholds works and workings of con-
tented laborers of all parts of one common whole, the great
shafts and pillars of an engine working to the fullness of the
meaning of perfection. He sees that great quartermaster, the
heart, pouring in and loading train after train, and giving orders
to the wagonmaster to line his teams and march on quick time
to all divisions, supply all companies, squads, and sections with
rations, clothing, ammunition, surgeons, splints, and bandages,
and put all the dead and wounded into the ambulances to
be repaired or buried with military honors by Captain Vein,
who fearlessly penetrates the densest bones, muscles, and glands
with the living waters to quench the thirst of the blue corpus-
cles that are worn out by doing fatigue duty in the great combat
between life and death. He often has to run his trains on forced
marches to get supplies to sustain his men when they have had
to contend with long sieges of heat and cold. Of all officers of
life, none has greater duties to perform than the quartermaster
of the blood-supply, who borrows from the brain, which gives
motion to all parts of active life, the force with which he runs
his deliveries.

FOUND EFFECTS.

In all ages the mind and pen of man have been content to
dwell and rest or agree that the lungs generate tubercles and
other destructive substances ; that a lung is an insane suicide ;
that it takes its own life. The doctor analyzes by his chemis-
try the substances coughed up from the lungs. He takes the
diseased lung to his microscope for physical examinations.

Il8 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

He finds knots, lumps, and much variation from the normal
lungs in cells, muscles, tissues, blood-vessels, and nerves, the
sensory, motor, and nutrient. He finds great abnormalities in
the form and fluids of the lungs, and drops further search. He
has found the effects, and only charges all this bad work to the
lungs. He knows he has found the guilty party, and proceeds
to punish. He never asks why. He asks no question about
the cause of the lungs giving way and failing to perform their
function, nor does the thought occur to him that they must be
helped by being nourished from the lymph prepared in the
omentum, pleura, diaphragm, and the peritoneum generally.
He has failed to ask why the lungs fail to be normal when the
omentum is diseased. He seems to have totally failed to see
that in all cases of diseased lungs no perfectly normal omentum
can be found, or at least no treatise on lung diseases has even
mentioned that the remote cause of consumption might be
traced to the omentum, or failure in its functioning before dis-
ease of the lung appeared. It seems to be due to osteopathy
that the discovery has been made. In all post-mortems of
people who have died from lung diseases and been examined at
the American School of Osteopathy, the omentum has been
found to be diseased, torn, wounded, cancerous, or disabled in
such a manner that it was not possible to perform its functions.
We have reason to believe that the lung dies or fails to do its
part normally when the omentum is diseased.

DIGESTION.

In our physiologies we read much about digestion. We will
start in where they stop. They bring us to the lungs with chyle
fresh as made and placed in the thoracic duct, previous to flow-
ing into the heart to be transferred to the lungs to be purified,
charged with oxygen, and otherwise qualified, and sent off for
duty, through the arteries, great and small, to the various parts

THORAJt.

of the system. But there is nothing said of the time when all
blood is gas, before it is taken up by the secretions, after refine-
ment, and driven to the lungs to be mixed with the old blood
from the venous system. A few questions about the blood seem
to hang around my mental crib for food. Reason says we cannot
use blood before it has all passed through the gaseous stage of
refinement, which reduces all material to the lowest forms of
atoms, before constructing any material body. I think it safe
to assume that all muscles and bones of our body have been in
the gas state while in the process of preparing substances for
blood. A world of questions arise at this point.

The first is, Where and how is food made into gas while in
the body? If you will listen to a dyspeptic after eating, you
will wonder where he gets all the wind that he rifts from his
stomach, and continues for one or two hours after each meal.
That gas is generated in the stomach and intestines, and we are
led to believe so because we know of no other place in which it
can be made and thrown into the stomach by any tubes or other
methods of entry. Thus, by the evidence so far, the stom-
ach and bowels are the one place in which this gas is gener-
ated. I have spoken of the stomach that generates and ejects
great quantities of gas for a longer or shorter time after meals.
This class of people have been called dyspeptics. Another class
of the same race of beings stand side by side with him without
this gas generating. They, too, eat and drink of the same kind
of food, without any of the manifestations that have been de-
scribed in the first class. Why does one stomach blow off gas
continually while the other does not? As No. 2 throws off no
gas from the stomach after eating, is this conclusive evidence
that his stomach generates no gas? Or do his stomach and
bowels form gas just as fast as No. i, and the secretions of
the stomach and bowels take up and retain the nutritious mat-
ter and pass the remainder of the gas by way of the excretory

120 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

ducts through the skin? If the excretory ducts take up and
carry this gas out of the body by way of the skin, and he is a
healthy man, why not account for the other one's stomach
ejecting this gas by way of the mouth, because of the fact that
the secretions of the stomach are either clogged up or inactive,
for want of vital motion of the nerve-terminals of the stomach.

Another question in connection with this subject, Why is
the man whose stomach belches forth gas in such abundance
also suffering with cold feet, hands, and all over the body, while
No. -2 is quite warm and comfortable, with a glow of warmth
passing from his body all the time?

With these hints I will ask the question, What is digestion?

THE PHILOSOPHY OF DIGESTION.

All digestion is the result of electric shocks, sent forth from
the brain by way of the motor system of nerves. Such shocks
are in perpetual motion from the center of the earth to the soul
of the surface. Not only do these shocks tear asunder all sub-
stances found in the alimentary channel, but they impart, in-
ject, and associate a moving principle, called vitality. Yet it is
only vital to the work of decomposition, selection, and associa-
tion for the purpose of forming flesh, muscle, sinew, hair, teeth,
and bone. The different qualities found in the fluids of the
different localities, such as brain, liver, and kidneys, are effects
of those living shocks. The same law is just as applicable in
reason and as true in effect in creating and imparting odors to
the various glands in the whole system. The heart, being the
center electro-motor engine, at every vibration is regulated by
the velocity demanded to modify and keep the electric battery
or the brain supplied with electricity to the normal capacity to
supply the electro-motor, without which some degree of failing
weakness is perceptible by beholding sluggish action and abnor-
mal quantities of deposits in some or all parts of the cellular

THE THORAX. 121

system of the lungs, heart, stomach, bowels, uterus, lymphat-
ics of the fascia, and system generally.

THE HEART.

Diseases of the chest are generally confined to the lungs,
heart, pleura, the pericardium, mediastia, with their blood-
vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. As we open the breast we be-
hold the heart conveniently situated to throw blood to all parts
of the body. From it we see vessels or pipes that go to all mus-
cles and organs, the stomach, bowels, liver, spleen, kidneys,
bladder, womb, etc., and all bones, fibers, ligaments, mem-
branes, lungs, and brain. When we follow the blood through
its whole journey in feeding the different parts, be they organ
or muscle, we find just enough unloaded at each station to sup-
ply the demand as fast as it is consumed. Thus life is supplied
at each stroke of the heart with blood to keep digestion in full
motion while other supplies of blood are being made and put in
channels to carry to the heart. This blood is freely given to
keep the channels strong, clean, and active. Much depends on
the heart, and great care should be given to its study, because
a healthy system depends almost wholly on a normal heart and
lung. The study of the framework of the chest should be done
with the greatest care. Every joint of the neck and spine has
much to do with a healthy heart and lung, because all vital
fluids pass through the heart and lungs, and any slip of bone
or strain or bruise of muscle or nerve will affect to some degree
the usefulness of that fluid in its vitality, when it is appropri-
ated in the place or organ it should sustain in a good healthy
state. The osteopath 's first and last duty is to look well to a
healthy blood- and nerve-supply. He should let his eye rest day
and night on the spinal column, to know if the bones articulate
truly in all facets and other bearings, and never rest day or night
until he knows the spine is true and in line from atlas to sacrum,

122 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

with all the ribs in perfect union with the processes of the
spine.

DEVELOPMENT

The heart, from the first visible drop of blood to the ter-
mination of all its work in the human body, seems to follow
specifications that were wisely written and adapted to all pur-
poses necessary to sustain animal life. If we follow the blood
from the heart and observe its first work after giving form to
itself, we will see two arteries passing off to a distance. After
watching the action and work of construction at that place, we
find as a result the formation of the brain, which is universally
recognized as the seat of the machinery that produces the forces
necessary to supply the nerves that have their beginning in the
brain and extend to every fiber, muscle, organ, and ligament
necessary to be used in propelling the machinery of animal life.
Not only does it provide for the machinery of force that is sta-
tioned at a considerable distance from the heart, but it throws
out another great river of nourishment, known as the abdom-
inal aorta, out of which many rivers branch off to supply and
sustain another great manufactory, which is located from the
first lumbar to the end of the sacrum. This manufactory has
carried on its labors for countless ages, busily pounding
away at its work of preparing the material that supplies every
fiber and part of the human body. No author has been kind
enough, if wise enough, to give us any information on this great
and important question. I wish to emphasize it very positively
and draw your attention, with your minds separated from
all else, while thinking, to answer this question : What would
be the deleterious effects on the nerves of the kidneys if a sud-
den fall, the feet slipping out directly in front, the body still
erect, dislocated the sacrum by the velocity of the force against
the frozen ground, ice, floor, stones, or any other unyielding

THE THORAX. 123

surface? The wedge-formed sacrum between the two innom-
inate bones would be driven downward toward the ischii one-
fourth, one-half, or one whole inch. What effect would it have
on the shape of the coccyx, the coccygeal ligaments being fas-
tened to the innominate? Would it not leave the coccyx bent
in and upward? What effect would it have on the sacral
nerves ? the whole glandular system ? the circulation of the blood
to and from all parts below the crura? At this point I want to
call your attention to the location and function of the cauda
equina, the crura, the solar plexus, the sympathetic nerves gen-
erally of the abdomen, the nerves of sensation, motion, and nu-
trition, the nerves of the pancreas, the spleen, liver, and blad-
der, the lymphatics, the cellular system, the receptaculum
chyli, the pudic nerves, the nerves of the uterus, and all nerves
of the generative system of either male or female. Does not your
compass of reason conduct you to a cause of Bright's disease of
the kidneys, monthly disturbances, enlargement of the ovaries
by stagnated blood to the degree of hardened deposits, to
growths of enormous size of the various organs of the abdomen,
such as the liver, kidneys, spleen, and so on? Have you ever
observed that the woman with monthly convulsions has a
sacrum twisted or driven from its normal position by blows s
falls, or otherwise?

I can refer you to no author on this subject whose pen has
ever described this arrangement as being the parent cause of
hundreds of diseases and malformations, from the ponderous
fibroid tumor to the rose cancer of the bladder or uterus. Here
I wish to draw your attention to the duty of the various nerves
found situated and distributed from one extremity of the ab-
domen to the other.

HEART DISEASE.

In speaking of diseases of the heart and remedies therefor,
I think it best to give the student a knowledge of what is re-

124 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

ceived and practiced by the medical profession as found in text-
books of practitioners of the drug system. For this purpose I
will quote in full from the "American Text-Book on Therapeu-
tics," by Wilson, on diseases of the heart: "In all acute affec-
tions of the heart, therapy can be looked upon, first, as casual ;
secondly, as symptomatic. Nearly all inflammatory conditions
of the pericardium are secondary, and, as the cause of such con-
ditions has already become operative, the field of treatment is
limited to the prevention of further damage from the primary
cause (and is in so far then casual), the relief of suffering and
other symptoms, and finally the prevention of death, which
may result either from the operation of the original cause or
from ensuing complications."

IN THE DARK.

I do this to show the osteopath that one of the most learned
authors speaks about all that is offered for the student of med-
icine to guide him in his practice. He begins in conjectures of
cause, such as rheumatism, which you know is an effect, com-
ing from the failure of the heart to deliver blood in living quan-
tity to the joints and vicinity. At this point he raises his club
and bangs away in the dark for want of knowledge of the cause.
He begins by advising the shoveling in of mercury, digitalis,
opium, calomel, acids, alkalies, stimulants, and sedatives, and
so on to the ice-bag, hot pack, blood-letting, or venesection.
Has he said anything that he can swear by? Has he said any-
thing that you can go by? He leaves you a blank, because
his diagnosis and treatment are blanks also. After having
read his "able" definition, and knowing that you do know some-
thing of anatomy and physiology, I will say that you know too
much anatomy and physiology and the results gained by oste-
opathy to be satisfied to go into the treatment of the diseases
of the heart with no knowledge of diseases or the drugs you are

THE THORAX. 125

about to administer. On that line you travel without hope.
Right here, as osteopaths, we will take up the heart and see if
we know the responsible duties it has to perform as headquar-
ters of the blood-supply. I do not wish to consume your time
unnecessarily in a lengthy description of the heart and the mil-
lions of rivers it supplies, with all of which you have been made
acquainted by descriptive and demonstrative anatomy, his-
tology, and physiology. We feel the importance of asking you
to refresh your memories once more by a vivid mental painting
of the whole arterial system, both great and small, that you
may be the better able to think with me as I present the subject.

CAUSES.

At this time we will introduce the subject of "heart dis-
eases" and the mechanico-physiological causes. We will try to
arrive at some reasonable conclusion as to the cause of intermit-
tent heart, heart of great commotion or palpitation, heart of
feeble force, and all those conditions which would produce
effects known as " heart disease." They are described by an-
cient and modern writers under many names, such as angina
pectoris, valvular disturbances, and many other names. But
all previous writings end with "ifs," "buts," and a few "how-
evers" and "possiblies," without a single rock for the doctor to
stand on. The student of medicine goes forth with his diplo-
ma under his arm and begins a new life of guessing at cause and
cures, with both eyes goggled by ignorance of the diseases he
meets. He blindly begins to experiment with the drugs of
which he has no knowledge, so far as their effects are known hi
heart disease. He is ordered and instructed by his preceptor
to use calomel freely and frequently, morphine and digitalis
with caution, venesection with caution, and so on, and to be
patient with his patients ; they may get well anyhow.

Suppose we stop and camp at this place, light our pipes

126 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

and take a good social smoke, and ask our venerable old "med-
icine-man" what object he had in prescribing the deadly mer-
cury, digitalis, or morphine in case of heart disease. At this
time we will saddle up our horses and go on. The old doctor
has told us very kindly that he made use of these remedies
because they have long been used by the doctors, who did not
know anything about cause and effect.

Now I have given you the sum total of the procedure of
the medical practitioners of the past up to the present date,
with their acknowledgment that they do not know the cause of
the disease nor the effect of the drug they have been free to
administer, with all the dignity and wise looks that could be
painted to represent an angelic philosopher.

A FEW FACTS.

With the limited knowledge that I have of anatomy and
physiology, I feel some degree of boldness and pleasure in pre-
senting my views of mechanico-physiological cause of heart dis-
eases, which I think I can present to you in a simple and philo-
sophical manner, clear enough that with your knowledge of
anatomy you will concede that I have given you the only true
foundation on which heart-disturbances can be clearly traced
to the causes of commotions called palpitation, angina pecto-
ris, and the whole column of heart diseases. We will begin by
supposition. Suppose hi a person in perfect health, anatom-
ically and physiologically perfect in all parts and functions, we
find the heart infinitely correct in receiving and discharging
blood in quantities just enough, with force exactly equal to all
demands. In this picture of life we see the engine in motion,
count the strokes, and record them at seventy per minute.
At this time we begin in a small way to experiment with the
body, which this engine supplies, by tying a cord around one
of the little toes, the body lying in exactly the same position as

THE THORAX. 127

when the heart-beat was timed and recorded at seventy. Would
we expect to find or would we have reason to expect the heart
to make seventy strokes, no more, no less, in motion or energy ?
If we find seventy-one beats to be the number per minute with
a small artery stopped by ligation of one little toe, what would
be the number of beats with two toes tied? Suppose we take
the strings off the toes and the heart falls back to seventy ; then
drive a shingle-nail through one toe. Would you be surprised
if the heart made seventy-five beats? Then drive a nail through
the other little toe. Would you be surprised to see the heart
running eighty beats per minute? One was simple stoppage of
blood by a cord, the other a wound which produced contracture
of muscles, ligaments, and blood-vessels to a greater degree
than the ligation did. I think any man with anatomical and
physiological knowledge will be able to reason and come to the
conclusion that if an obstruction in the least toe, and that at the
greatest distance from the heart, disturbs its regularity and pul-
sation, that other causes of irritation and stoppage of either
arterial or venous blood will also cause demands that the heart
use greater energy to force blood through the involved channels,
just in proportion to the resistance it has to meet. When the
heart has overlabored for many days and months to force blood
through compressed arteries and veins, would it not be reason-
able and would it not be safe to conclude that when a heart had
labored to exhaustion it would tire out, quiver, and palpitate?
I will ask your indulgence and a little more patience. I began
at the little toe with the view of giving you a homoeopathic dose
on obstructed circulation as evidence of the cause for heart
disturbance. We will now commence on a larger scale. We
have to deal with the allopathic "czar" of ignorance. It is
not supposable that he has time to dabble with the little blood-
vessels, and one at a time. We will hit him, if we can at all with
reason, with the anatomical fact that numerous arteries are

128 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

thrown off from the aorta for the purpose of supplying certain
demands, and that by jars, twists, strains, and a world of acci-
dents that the human body is liable to meet and pass through,
he may have one, ten, or even all of his ribs pushed down, up,
out, or in, so as to obstruct any or all of the intercostal arteries,
veins, and nerves. In this deformity would he suspect that
rheumatism was the cause of the unnatural labor and misery of
the man's heart? I think if this venerable old sage will con-
sult his anatomy, he will find that this philosophy has a foun-
dation in truth, with Nature and all its works as a voucher, and
that arterial obstruction precedes all variations from the nor-
mal action of the heart. As you have had your mind refreshed
upon the mechanical causes that will produce trouble of the
heart unto death, I will tell you a few things to assist you in your
work when called to treat persons laboring under diseases of the
heart. Carefully explore the neck, with its union to the head,
and ascertain positively that every joint in the neck is perfect
at all bearings with other joints, and that all the muscles are free
from entanglement with other muscles and processes of the
neck. A slipped bone of the neck will limit the passage of the
vertebral artery on its way from the heart to the brain. If the
artery is obstructed in the bones of the neck, a disturbed heart
will follow as one of the effects. If all joints have been found
normal in the neck and nothing found there that could obstruct
an artery, we will begin with the first rib as it articulates with
the first dorsal vertebra, ascertaining whether it is normal in
position with the spine and transverse articulation. You may
find that rib pulled forward enough to close the vertebral fora-
men and stop the vertebral artery at that point. If so, you
will find commotion and irregularity of the heart's action. If
we find nothing wrong at the first ribs, we may find a serious
luxation of the second, third, or fourth ribs, which may shut off
the intercostal branches. When the heart brings the blood to

THE THORAX. 129

supply the first, second, third, and fourth ribs of either side and
is met by intercostal spaces impinged upon by twists, strains,
or dislocations of the ribs, another positive cause of heart-
disturbance is established, and the heart will give that peculiar
long and heavy stroke in its effort to supply intercostal arteries.
In our process of reasoning we will surely be sustained in the
conclusion that all so-called heart diseases are only so many
effects, with each effect having a cause in blood being sup-
pressed at some point, which is the cause of the effect known as
valvular, nervous, and other " diseases of the heart."

I think we have said enough on the philosophy and causes
of heart trouble to be easily understood by the pupils of my
school, with their thorough understanding of anatomy, which
I trust they will wisely apply in treating heart diseases.

ANEURISMS.

Some arteries are enlarged to enormous sizes. We call
them aneurisms or accommodation-chambers for deposits of
blood. The artery should pass farther on ; thus you must know
by reason an obstruction has limited the flow of the blood, and
a tumor is an effect, and obstruction is the cause of all abnormal
deposits, either from vein or artery. Unobstructed blood can-
not form a tumor, nor allow inharmony to dwell in any part of
the system. Flux is an effect caused by a variation in blood -
supply and circulation. Blood finds veins of the abdomen irri-
tated and contracted to such a degree that it cannot enter the
veins with its cargo and deposits it at terminal points in the
mucous membrane of the bowels. When the membrane fails to
hold the blood so delivered, then the first blood which dies of
asphyxia finds an outlet into the bowels, to be carried off and
out by peristaltic action. Thus you have a continuous deposit
and discharge of blood until death stops the supply.

130 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

RHEUMATISM.

Before pain begins at the joints, you are sure to find that
all gas or wind has left the joints. Thus, electricity burns be-
cause of bone friction. Some gas must be between all bone
joints. Thus we find great use for atmospheric pressure to
hold bones far enough apart to let the "joint water" pass freely
over the opposing ends of bones. There is a natural demand for
gas in all healthy joints of the body. Reason leads us to believe
that gas is constantly being conveyed to or generated in all
joints. Before rheumatism appears the separating gas has been
exhausted, and there follows friction and electric heat because of
there being two or more joints in one electric circuit or division,
in place of the bone or bones between two or more articulating
ends of a bone, or more bones thrown into the battery, in place
of each division being independent while in functional action in
its own division. By way of explanation I will take the thigh-
bone, at the socket or knee articulation, filled with fluids and
gas. Bind the bones by ligaments or membranes so as to hold the
bones in place, with a chamber to hold joint fluids. Would it
be complete without gas pressure to hold the bones from press-
ing so closely together as to cause friction and heat to cause
an electric action equal to nerve-poison? We thus get what
we call neuralgia, rheumatism, sciatica, and so on to the
full list of aches and pains not accounted for to date by our
philosophers. Let us ask, if we force the hard ends of two bones
together, as we do in jumping from elevations, with nothing to
modify the concussions, will the bones not be bruised or mashed
enough to become irritated if not protected by fluids and gas?
Then if that will be the case, how can we reason better than to
conclude that by contracting the ligaments at joints and hold-
ing air in that ligamentous sheath, the air will prevent the
ends of the bones from meeting with a rushing force. We must

THE THORAX. 13!

be prepared to take care of those bones so as not to receive
destructive injuries. Will not such gasless joints be the begin-
ning of the fat man? also of the lean condition?

On this plane of reason many rich harvests await the sickle
of reason. On this plane you can see and know the " whys"
of consumption, dropsy, tumors, fits, gray hair, baldness, and
so on to a surprising number of diseases.

THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MAMMARY ARTERIES.

A confused and suspended circulation, either of the arterial,
venous, or lymphatic circulation, or a disturbance of the nerves
of either the arterial, venous, or lymphatic circulation of the
mammary glands, would be cause sufficient to draw the attention
of the osteopathic diagnostician to a very careful investigation
of the causes of diseases of these glands. He should know that
the mammary artery is not oppressed or disturbed by ribs that
have been pushed or knocked from their articulation with the
sternum or spine, before he would be justified in giving a scien-
tific diagnosis of the cause of tumors of the breast, goitre, dis-
eases of the tonsils, the glands and lymphatics of the neck or
breast, the eyes, or the giving way of important functions of any
organ, internal or external, of the whole chest. We must
remember that the internal mammary is a very long artery, be-
ginning at the first rib and extending to the pelvis. Much good
health depends upon its good work, and much bad health and
disturbance can reasonably be expected to follow imperfect
supply by arterial action or imperfect drainage through the
venous and lymphatic vessels. Therefore we have a natural
admonition to give the subject a deep and thorough investiga-
tion for mechanical variations from the true and normal. The
length and width of the territory through which this river of
life travels for the purpose of supplying organs, glands, mem-
branes, and muscles is a standing evidence to its importance
to life.

CHAPTER VII.

The Diaphragm.

NEW DISCOVERIES.

Previous to all discoveries there exists the demand for the
discovery. Any discovery is an open question for a time and
free to all, because in some new fact all are interested. The
lack of something may be felt and spoken of by agriculturists,
and inquiry directed to a better plow, a better sickle or mow-
ing-machine with which to reap standing grain. The thinker
reduces his thoughts to practice, and cuts the grain, leaving it
in a condition that a raker is needed to bunch it previous to
binding. His victory is heralded to the world as the king of
the harvest, and so accepted. The discoverer says, " I wish I
could bunch that grain." He begins to reason from the great
principle of cause and effect, and sleeps not until he has added
to his discovery an addition so ingeniously constructed that it
will drop the grain in bunches ready for the binder. The dis-
coverer stands by and sees in the form of a human being, hands,
arms, and a band. He watches the motion; then starts in to
rustle with cause and effect again. He thinks day and night,
and by the genius of thought produces a machine to bind the
grain. By this time another suggestion arises, how to separate
the wheat as the machine journeys in its cutting process. To his
convictions nothing will solve this problem but mental action.
He thinks and dreams of cause and effect. His mind seems to
forget all the words of his mother tongue except " cause" and
" effect." He talks and preaches cause and effect in so many

THE DIAPHRAGM. 133

places that his associates begin to think he is failing mentally
and will soon be a subject for the asylum. He becomes dis-
gusted with their lack of appreciation, seeks seclusion, and
formulates the desired addition and threshes the grain ready
for the bag. He has solved the question and proved to his
neighbors that the asylum was built for them and not for him.
With cause and effect, which are ever before the philosopher's
eye, he plows the ocean regardless of the furious waves, and he
dreads not the storm on the seas, because he has constructed
his vessel with a resistance superior to the force of the lashing
waves of the ocean, and the world scores him another victory.
He opens his mouth and says, " By the law of cause and effect,
I will talk to my mother, who is hundreds of miles away."
He disturbs her rest by the rattling of a little bell in her room.
Tremblingly, the aged mother approaches the telephone and
asks, " Who is there?" The answer comes, " It is I, Jimmie."
Then he asks, " To whom am I talking?" She says, " Mrs. Mary
Murphy." The reply comes, " God bless you, mother; I am at
Galveston, Texas, and you are in Boston, Massachusetts." She
laughs and cries with joy; he hears every emotion of her trem-
bling voice as she says to him : " You have succeeded at last. I
have never doubted your final success, notwithstanding the
neighbors have annoyed me almost to death, telling me you
would land in the asylum, because no man could talk so as to
be heard a thousand miles away; his lungs were too weak and
his tongue too short."

"EUREKA!"

I have given you a long introduction previous to giving you
the cause of disease, with the philosophy of cause and effect. I
think it absolutely clear and the effect so unerring in its results
that with Pythagoras I can say, "Eureka!"

To find a general cause for disease, one that will stand the

134 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

most rigid and vigorous direct and cross-examination of the
high courts of cool-headed reason, has been the mental effort
of all doctors and healers since time began its record. Doctors
have had to treat disease as best they could, by methods that
custom had established as the best, notwithstanding the fail-
ures and great mortality under their system of treatment. They
have not felt justified to go beyond the rules of symptomatol-
ogy as adopted by their schools, with diagnosis, prognosis, and
treatment. Should they digress from the rules of the "ethics
of the profession," they would lose the brotherly love and sup-
port of the medical associations, under the belief that "a bad
name is as bad as death to a dog."

MEDICAL DOCTOR.

The medical practitioner says that in union there is safety,
and resolves to stick to this, and live and do as his school has
disciplined all its pupils, with this command: " The day thou
eatest anything else, thou shalt surely die. Stick to the
brotherhood."

The explorer for truth must first declare his independence
of all obligations and brotherhoods of any kind whatsoever.
He must be free to reason and think. He must establish his
observatory upon hills of his own ; he must establish them above
the imaginary high planes of rulers, kings, professors, and
schools of all kinds and denominations. He must be the czar
of his own mental empire, unincumbered with anything that
will annoy him while he makes his observations. I believe the
reasons are so plain, so easily comprehended, the facts in their
support so brilliant, that I will offer them, though I be slaugh-
tered on the altar of bigotry and intolerance. This philoso-
phy is not intended for minds not thoroughly well posted by
dissection and otherwise on the whole human anatomy. You
must know its physiological laboratories and workings, with the

THE DIAPHRAGM. 135

brain as the battery, the lungs as the machine that renovates
the blood, and the heart as the living engine or quartermaster,
whose duty is to supply the commissaries with blood and other
fluids to all divisions and subdivisions of the body, which is
engaged in producing material suited to the production of bone
and muscle and all other substances necessary to keep the
machinery of life in full force and action.

Without this knowledge on the part of the reader, the
words of this philosophy will come out as blanks before reach-
ing his magazine of reason. This is addressed to the inde-
pendent man or woman that can, does, and will reason.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SPL,ANCHNICS.

Let us halt at the origin of the splanchnics and take a look.
At this point we see the lower branches, sensation, motion, and
nutrition, all slant from above the diaphragm, pointing to the
solar plexus, which sends off branches to the pudic and sacral
plexuses of sensory systems of nerves, just at the position
to join the life-giving ganglia of the sacrum with orders from
the brain to keep the process of blood-forming in full motion all
the time. A question arises : How is this motion supplied, and
from where ? The answer is : By the brain as the nerve-supply
and the heart as the blood-supply, both of which come from
above the diaphragm, to keep all the machinery in form and
supplied with motion, that it may be able to generate chyle to
send back to the heart, to be formed into blood and thrown
back into the arteries for the construction of the parts as need-
ed and to keep the brain fed up to its normal power-generating
needs. We see above the diaphragm the heart, lungs, and
brain, the three sources of blood- and nerve-supply. All three
are guarded by strong walls, that they may do their part in
keeping up the life supplies as far as blood- and nerve-force is
required. But as they generate no blood- or nerve-material,

136 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

they must take the place of manufactories and purchase mate-
rial from a foreign land, to have an abundance all the time.
We see that Nature has placed its manufactories above a given
line in the breast, and develops the crude material below that
line. Now, as growth means motion and supply, we must com-
bine these departments in a friendly way, and conduct the force
from above to the regions below the septum or diaphragm, that
we may use the powers as needed. This wall must have open-
ings to let the blood and nerves penetrate with their supply and
force to do the work of manufacturing.

After all this has been done, and a twist, pressure, or ob-
structing fold should appear from any cause, would we not have
a cut-off in the machinery returning chyle and lymph, sensa-
tion to supply vitality, and in the venous motion to carry off
arterial supply that has been driven from the heart above?
Have we not found a cause to stop all processes of life below the
diaphragm? In short, are we not in a condition to soon be in
a state of complete stagnation? As soon as the arteries have
filled the venous system, which is without sensation to return
the blood to the heart, then the heart can do nothing but wear
out its energies trying to drive blood into a dead territory below
the diaphragm known as the venous system. It is dead until
sensation reaches the vein from the solar, sacral, and pudic
plexuses.

THE DIAPHRAGM IN HEALTH.

At this point we will again take up the diaphragm, which
separates the heart, lungs, and brain from the organs of life
that are limited to the abdomen and pelvis. What has the
diaphragm to do with good or bad health? We will analyze
the diaphragm. We will examine its construction and its uses.
We will examine its openings through which the blood passes.
We will examine the opening through which food passes to "the

THE DIAPHRAGM. 137

stomach. We will carefully examine the passages or openings
for nerve-supply to the abdomen below, running this great
system of chemistry, which is producing the various kinds of
substances necessary to the hard and soft parts of the body.
We must know the nerve-supply of the lymphatics, womb, liver,
pancreas, kidneys, the generative organs, what they are, what
they do, and what is demanded of them, before we are able to
feed our own minds from the cup that contains the essence of
reason as expressed by the tree of life.

The diaphragm surely gives much food for one who would
search for the great " whys " of disease. It may help us to
arrive at some facts if we take each organ and division and
make a full acquaintance with all its parts and uses before we
combine it with others.

he medical doctor has, owing to a lack of knowledge of
the true causes of diseases, combated effects with his remedies.
He treats pain with remedies to deaden pain ; congestion by an
effort to wash out overplus of blood that has been carried to
parts or organs of the body by arteries of blood and channels
of secretions, and not taken up and passed off and out by the
excretories. He sees the abnormal sizes and leaves the hunting
of the cause that has given growth to such proportions, and
begins to seek rest and ease for his patient. Then he calls on
medicine to carry the waste fluids to the bowels, bladder, and
skin, with tonics to give strength, and stimulants to increase
the action of the heart, in order to force local deposits to the
general excretory system. At this time let the osteopathic
doctor take a close hunt for any fold in the muscles of the sys-
tem that would cut off the normal supply of blood, or suspend
the action of nerves whose office is to give power and action to
the excretory system sufficient to keep the dead matter carried
off as fast as it accumulates. Let us stop and acquaint ourselves
with the true conditions of the diaphragm. It must be normal

138 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

in place, as it is so situated that it will admit of no abnormality.
It must be kept stretched, just as Nature intended it should be,
like a drumhead. It is attached all around to the chest, though
it crosses five or six ribs on its descent from the seventh rib to
the sternum at the lower point and down to the fourth lumbar
vertebra. It is a continuous slanting floor above the bowels
and abdominal organs and below the heart and lungs. It must,
by all reason, be kept normal in tightness at all places, with-
out a fold or wrinkle that would press the aorta, nerves, oesoph-
agus, or anything that contributes to the supply or circulation
of any vital substance. Now can there be any move in spine
or ribs that would or could change the normal shape of the
diphragm? If so, where and why?

OUT OP POSITION.

The diaphragm is possibly least understood as the cause
of diseases, when its supports are not all in line and in normal
position, than any other part of the body. It has many open-
ings through which nerves, blood, and food pass while going from
the chest to the parts below. It begins at the lower end of the
breast-bone and crosses to the ribs back and down, in a slanting
position, to the third or fourth lumbar vertebra. Like an apron,
it holds all that is above it up, and is the fence that divides the
organs of the abdomen from the chest. Below it are the stom-
ach, bowels, liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, womb, bladder,
the great system of lymphatics, and the nerve-supply of the
organs and systems of nutrition and life-supply. All parts of
the body have a direct or indirect connection with this great
separating muscle. It assists in all animals, when normal ; but
when prolapsed by the falling down and in of any of the five or
six ribs by which it is supported in place, then follow the effects
of suspended normal arterial supply, and venous stagnation be-
low the diaphragm. The aorta meets resistance as it goes down

THE DIAPHRAGM. 139

with blood to nourish, and the vein, as it goes back with im-
purities contained in the venous blood, also meets an obstruc-
tion at the diaphragm, as it returns to the heart through the
vena cava, because of the impingement caused by a fallen dia-
phragm on and about the blood-vessels. Thus heart trouble,
lung disease, brain, liver, and womb diseases, tumors of the
abdomen, and so on through the list of effects, can be traced
to the diaphragm as the cause.

LOCATION.

I am strongly impressed that the diaphragm has much to
do with keeping all the machinery and organs of life in a healthy
condition, and will try to give some of the reasons why, as I now
understand them. First, it is found to be wisely located just
below the heart and lungs, one the engine of blood and the other
the engine of air. This strong wall holds all bodies or sub-
stances away from either engine while it is performing its part in
the economy of life. Each engine has a sacred duty to perform,
under the penal law of death to itself and all other divisions of
the whole being, man. If it should neglect its work, or should
we take down this wall and allow the liver, stomach, and spleen
to occupy any of the places allotted to these engines of life, a
confusion would surely result, and the ability of the heart to
force blood to the lungs would be overcome and cause trouble.

Suppose we take a few diseases and submit them to the
crucial test of reason, and see if we can find any one of the cli-
matic fevers not having some connection with an irritated dia-
phragm. For example, take a case of common bilious fever. It
generally begins with a tired and sore feeling of the limbs and
muscles, with pain in the spine, head, and lumbar region. At
this point of our inquiry we are left in an open sea of mystery
and conjecture as to cause. One says, " Malaria," and goes no
further; gives a name and stops. If you ask for the cause of

140 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

such torturous pain in the head and back, with fever and vom-
iting, he will tell you that the very best authorities agree that
the cause is malaria, with its peculiar diagnostic tendency to
affect the brain, spine, and stomach, and he administers qui-
nine, and leaves, thinking he has said and done all.

Reason would lead seekers for the cause of the pain to re-
member that all blood passes first as chyle up to the heart and
lungs, directly through the diaphragm, conducted through the
thoracic duct, first to the heart, thence to the lungs ; at the same
time rivers of blood are pouring into the heart from all the sys-
tem. Much of it is very impure from diseased or stale food,
coming from the lymphatics below the diaphragm. Much of the
chyle is dead before it enters the thoracic duct and goes to the
lungs without enough pure blood to sustain life. Then disease
appears. The diaphragm, when dropped front and down, and
across the aorta and vena cava, by a lowering of the ribs on both
sides of the spine, would cause pressure over the coeliac axis, with
a complete abdominal stoppage. Then we have obstructed and
damaged blood, with no hope that it can sustain life and health
of the parts for which it was designed. We know that Nature
would not be true to its own laws if it would do good work with
bad material.

NERVOUS PROSTRATION.

Why not reason on the broad scale of known facts, and give
the "why" this or that patient has complete prostration, when
all systems are wholly cut off from a chance to move and exe-
cute the duties that Nature has allotted to them? Motor nerves
must drive all substances to a part and sensation must judge
the supply and demand. Nutrition must be in action all the
time and keep all parts well supplied, or a failure is sure to ap-
pear. We must ever remember the demands of Nature on the
lymphatics, liver, and kidneys, and that nerves work all the

THE DIAPHRAGM. 14!

time, and that any confusion in nerves will make a cripple of
some function of life over which they preside.

We see that no delay in passage of food or blood can be tol-
erated at the diaphragm, because any irritation is bound to
cause muscular contraction and impede the natural flow of the
blood through the abdominal aorta to a temporary, partial, or
complete stoppage of arterial supply to the abdomen; or the vena
cava may be so pressed upon as to completely stop the return
of venous blood from the stomach, kidneys, bowels, the lym-
phatics, pancreas, fascia, cellular membranes, nerve-centers, the
ganglionic and all systems of supply of the organs of life found
in the abdomen. Thus, by pressure, stricture, or contraction,
the passage of blood can be stopped, either above or below the
diaphragm, and be the cause of blood being detained long
enough to die from asphyxia, thus causing disease.

Thus you see a cause for Bright 's disease of the kidneys,
diseases of the womb or ovaries, for jaundice, dysentery, leu-
corrhcea, painful monthlies, spasms, dyspepsia, and on through
the whole list of diseases now booked as "causes unknown,"
and treated by the rule of "cut and try." We know that all of
the blood for the use of the whole system below the twelfth
dorsal vertebra passes through the diaphragm, and the nerve-
supply also passes through the diaphragm. This being a
known fact, we have only to use our reason to know that an un-
healthy condition of the diaphragm is bound to be followed by
many diseases. The diaphragm is a musculo-fibrinous organ,
and depends for blood- and nerve-supply above its own loca-
tion, and that supply must be given freely and pure for nerve
and blood, or we will have a diseased organ to start with. We
may find a universal atrophy or oedema, which would, besides
causing its own deformity, not be able to rise and fall, to assist
the lungs to purify the venous blood, previous to returning it to
the heart. It is only in keeping with reason that without a

142 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

healthy diaphragm, both in its form and action, disease is bound
to be the result. How can a carpenter build a good house out of
rotten, twisted, or warped wood ? If he can, then we can hope
to be healthy with diseased blood ; but if we must have good
material in building, then we should form our thoughts as care-
ful inspectors and inspect the passage of blood through the
diaphragm, pleura, pericardium, and the fascia. Disease is just
as liable to begin its work in the fascia and epithelium as at any
other place. Thus the necessity for pure blood and healthy
fascia, because all functions are equally responsible for good
and bad results.

GOD THE JUDGE.

At a given period of time the Lord said, "Let us make
man." After He had made him, He examined him and pro-
nounced him good, and not only good, but very good. Did He
know what good was? Had He the skill to be a competent
judge? If He was perfectly competent to judge skilled arts,
His approval of the work when done was the fiat of mental
competency backed by perfection. Since that architect and
skilled mechanic has finished man and given him dominion over
the fowls of the air, the beasts of the field, and the fishes of the
sea, hasn't that person, being, or superstructure proven to us
that God, the creator of all things, has armed him with strength,
with the mind and machinery to direct and execute? This being
demonstrated, and leaving us without a doubt as to its perfec-
tion, are we not admonished by all that is good and great to
enter upon a minute examination of all the parts belonging to
this being and acquaint ourselves with their uses and all the
designs for which the whole being was created? Are we honestly
interested in an acquaintance with the forms and uses of the
parts in detail, of the material, its form and the object of its form ;
from whence this substance is obtained, how it is produced and

THE DIAPHRAGM. 143

sustained through life in kind and form ; how it is moved, where
it gets its power, and for what object does it move? A demand
for a crucial examination of the head, the heart, the lungs, the
chest, the stomach, the liver, and other organs of the abdo-
men, the brain, the pericardium, and the diaphragm is ever
present. In this examination we must know the reasons why
any organ, vessel, or any other substance is located at a given
place. We must run with all the rivers of blood that travel
through the system.

We must start our exploring boat with the blood of the
aorta and float with this vital current, and watch the unloading
of supplies for the diaphragm and all that is under it. We must
follow and see what branch of this river will lead to a little or
great toe, or to the terminals of the entire foot. We must pass
through the waters of the Dead Sea by way of the vena cava,
and observe the boats loaded with exhausted and worn-out
blood, as it is poured in and channeled back to the heart. Care-
fully watch the emptying of the vena azygos major and minor,
with the contents of the veins of the arms and head all being
poured in from little or great rivers to the vena innominate, on
their way to the great hospital of life and nourishment, whose
quartermaster is the heart, whose finishing mechanic is the lung.
Having acquainted ourselves with the forms and locations of
this great personality, we are ready at this time to enter into a
higher class in which we can obtain an acquaintance with
the physiological workings. We become acquainted with the
"hows" and "whys" of the production of blood, bone, and all
elements found in them necessary to sustain sensation, motion,
nutrition, voluntary and involuntary action of the nervous
system, and the "hows" and "whys" of the lymphatics, the
life-sustaining powers of the brain, heart, lungs, and all the
abdominal system, with its parts and various actions and uses,

144 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

from the lowest cellular membrane to the highest organ of the
body.

When we consult the form of the cross-bar that divides the
body into two conjoined divisions and reason on its use, we ar-
rive at the fact that the heart and lungs must have ample space
to suit their actions while performing their functions. What
effect would follow the removal of the fence between the heart,
lungs, and brain above that dividing muscle and the machinery
that is situated below the cross-bar? We see at a glance that
we would meet failure to the extent of the infringement on
demanded room for normal work of the heart in its effort to
deliver normal supplies below, the lungs to prepare blood, and
interference with the brain and its duty of passing nerve-power
to either engine above and all organs below the diaphragm.

THE LESSON OF THE TREE.

The life of the living tree is in the bark and superficial
fascia which lies beneath the bark. The remainder of the tree
performs the duties of secreting. Its excretory system is first
upward from the surface of the ground. It washes out frozen
impurities in the spring, after which it secretes and conveys sub-
stances to the ground through the trunk of the tree to the roots,
like unto a placenta attached to Mother Earth, qualifying all
substances of fiber and leaf of the part of the tree above the
ground. Each year produces new tree additions, which are
seen and known by circular rings called annular growths. That
growth which was completed last year is now a being of the past
and has no vital action of itself. But, like all stale beings, its
process is life of another order, and dependent upon the fascia
for its life and cellular action which lies under the bark. It can
only act as a chemical laboratory and furnish crude material
which is taken up by the superficial fascia and conveyed up to
the lungs, and exchange dead for living matter to return to all
parts of the tree, keeping up the vital formations. Its vital

THE DIAPHRAGM. 145

process ceases through the winter season, until Mother Earth
stimulates the placenta and starts the growth of the next new
being, which is developed and placed in form on the old trunk.

Should this form of vitality cease hi the tree, another prin-
ciple, which we call "stale life," takes possession and constructs
another tree, which is just the reverse of the living tree. It
builds a tree after its own power of formulation from the dead
matter, to which it imparts a principle of stale life, which life
produces mushrooms, frogstools, and other peculiar forms of
stale beings. Thus we are prepared to reason that blood, when
ligated and retained in that condition of dead corpuscles, and
no longer able to support animal life, can form a zoophyte and
all the forms peculiar to the great law of association: tume-
factions of the lymphatics, pancreas, kidneys, liver, uterus, with
all the glandular system, be they lymphatics, cellular, gan-
glia, or any other parts of the body susceptible of such growths.
We can thus account for tubercles of the abdomen and all
organs found therein. The same law is equally applicable to the
heart, lungs, brain, tissues, glands, fascia, and all parts capable
of receiving and lacking the ability to excrete stale substances,
As oedema marks the first tardiness of fluids, we have the
beginning step which will lead from miliary tuberculosis to the
largest known forms of tubercles, which are the effect of the
active principles of stale life or "the life of dead matter."

We will draw the attention of the reader to the fact that
the diaphragm can contract and suspend the passage of blood
and produce all the stagnant changes from the beginning to the
completed tubercle, the cancer, the wen, glandular thickening
of the neck, face, scalp, and fascia. In this stale life we have a
compass that will lead us as explorers to the causes of tubercles,
tumors, cancers, and ulcers. This diaphragm says, "By me
you live and by me you die. I hold in my hands the powers
of life and death. Acquaint now thyself with me and be at
ease."

CHAPTER VIII.

The Abdomen.

INHIBITION.

Much stress has been laid on the idea of inhibition of the
nerves as a remedial agency. Allow me to say that inhibition
is almost universally the cause of disease. Dunglison defines
"inhibit," to restrain or suppress, and defines "stimulation,"
to goad; that which excites the animal economy.

For the reader 's benefit, I wish to refresh his mind on anat-
omy, that he may fully understand what I wish to present as a
truth, to guide him while treating his patients, and to point him
to the danger of doing more harm than good by pushing, pull-
ing, and kneading the abdomen, with the idea that he inhibits
the nerves or excites them to greater energy, thereby helping
Nature do the work of restoration of the normal functional
action of the organs of the abdomen.

I will say, after forty years' observation and practice,
that no good can come to the patient by pulling, pushing, and
gouging in the sacred territory of the abdominal organs ; but
much harm can and does follow bruising the solar plexus, from
which a branch of nerves goes to each organ of the abdomen.
Upon that center depends all the elaborate work of the func-
tioning of the abdomen. I say, "Hands off." Go to the spine
and ribs only. If you do not know the power of the spinal
nerves on the liver to restore health, you must learn or quit, be-
cause you are only an owl of hoots, more work than brains. I
want the man who wishes to know the work that is done by the

THE ABDOMEN. 147

organs or contents of the abdomen also to know the danger of
ignorance, and that wild force in treating the abdomen cannot
be tolerated as any part of this sacred philosophy.

BE ORIGINAL.

You must reason. I say reason, or you will finally fail in
all enterprises. Form your own opinions, select all facts you
can obtain. Compare, decide, then act. Use no man's opin-
ions ; accept his works only.

Having passed through the head, neck, and thorax with a
short description of the diseases belonging to each division, and
as our work is divided for observation and discussion into five
parts, we will now take up the fourth division. According to
the number, the head is one, the neck two, the thorax three, the
abdomen four, and the pelvis five. I have established this
arbitrary classification for the purpose of observing the workings
of the various divisions of the body systematically, especially
the abdominal viscera, with the view of obtaining a more def-
inite knowledge of their perfect workings in good health. It is
important to know the exact place that each organ occupies
while in its normal position. Not only know it on general prin-
ciples, but to a greater degree of perfection than any other les-
son that is before the student of disease. We should know the
perfect position of each organ, the blood-, nerve-, and nutrient
supply by which its work is accomplished, from whence the sup-
port comes, how applied, and how kept in its pure state by the
natural functions of excreting all exhausted and diseased sub-
stances. By this knowledge only can we expect to detect the
many variations, both great and small, in nutrition and reno-
vation, which is the sum total of what is meant by good health.
Each organ seems to be a creator of its own fluid substances,
extracted from the channels of nutrition upon which it depends.
The quantity and quality necessary for this process are abso-

148 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES Otf OSTEOPATHY.

lute beyond dispute. This being the case, we must, in dealing
with the abnormal, work for readjustment to normal perfection.

A GREAT HOST.

We will look over the abdominal field, count the host, and
try to be as systematic as possible. We will begin at the dia-
phragm, the wall that separates the thorax from the abdomen.
The abdomen contains the liver, spleen, pancreas, stomach, two
kidneys, the bladder, small and large intestines, the omentum,
abdominal aorta and vena cava, the blood-supply for the whole
system of abdominal organs, the lymphatics with all secretory
and excretory organs, and all there is found on to the pelvic
floor. All the organs of the territory of the abdomen must
be kept before the eye, and we must feel that we are in the pres-
ence of perfection of all organs. We can then begin to compare
any variation, real or imaginary, in place, form, or function of
all that is before us. The perfect diaphragm means perfection
at all points of its whole circular attachment, beginning with
the sixth rib and ending with the third and fourth lumbar ver-
tebrae. No spine can be varied from the sixth rib to the fourth
lumbar and show perfection of the diaphragm. No rib thrown
from its perfect position with the spinal articulation can leave
the diaphragm perfect in its functions. Perfection of spine
and ribs is imperative and absolutely required before we can
hope for perfection in the flow of blood and other fluids that
pass through the throat, aorta, vena cava, and thoracic duct.
All must pass freely, and also their accompanying nerves, mo-
tor and sensory, that enter into the solar plexus and all its
branches, or a halt will appear and begin the work of creating
disease by tardy renovation of abdominal organs as the result
of such shortage in the function of that part or organ that must
be kept normal by perfect renovation. Suppose we select a kid-
ney that is normally perfect, and twist the spine at the renal

THE ABDOMEN. 149

nerve origin enough to disturb the nutrition of the kidney;
we would expect dwarfage in its functioning to set up and build
tubercular deposits, congestion, fermentation, and pus. Sup-
pose we overpower sensation and the motion of the nerve by a
lap or a strain of the spine where the spinal cord throws out
the nerve-branches that supply the kidneys ; we would have
paralysis of the kidneys, with all the diseases peculiar to that
organ, the result of a deadened condition of the renal nerves.

GEOGRAPHY OF THE ABDOMEN.

As we are about to camp close to the abdomen for a season
of explorations, to gain a more reasonable knowledge of its
organs and their functions, we will search its geography first and
find its location on the body or globe of life. We find a boun-
dary line established by the general surveyor, about the middle
of the body, called the diaphragm. This line has a very strong
wall of striated muscle that can and does contract and dilate to
suit the phenomenon of breathing, and the quantities of food
that may be stored for a time in the stomach and bowels. The
abdomen is much longer than it is wide. It is a house or shop
builded for manufacturing purposes. In it we find the ma-
chinery that produces rough blood or chyle and gives it out to
be finished to perfect living blood, to supply and sustain all
the organs of this and other divisions. This diaphragm or wall
has several openings through which blood and nutrient vessels
pass to and from the abdomen to heart, lungs, and brain. I
want to draw your special attention to the fact that this dia-
phragm must be truly normal. It must be anchored and held
in its true position without any variation, and in order that
you shall fully understand what I mean, I will ask you to go
with me mentally to the ribs. Begin with the sternum, see the
attachments, follow across with a downward course to the at-
tachments of the diaphragm to the lower lumbar region, where

15O PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

the right crus receives a branch or strong muscle from the left
side. The left crus in turn receives a muscle from the right,
and the two become one common muscle, known as the left
crus. You will easily comprehend the structure by exam-
ining descriptive cuts in Gray, Morris, Gerrish, or any well-
illustrated work on anatomy. You see at once a chance for
constriction of the aorta by the muscles under which it passes,
frequently causing without doubt the disease known as palpita-
tion of the heart, which is only a bouncing back of the blood
that has been stopped at the crura. Farther away from the
spine, near the center of the diaphragm, we find another open-
ing through this wall to accommodate the vena cava. To the
left, a few inches below the vena cava, we find another opening
provided for the oesophagus and its nerves. Two muscles of
the diaphragm cross directly between the oesophagus and aorta,
in such a manner as to be able to produce powerful prohibitory
constriction to normal swallowing.

THE THORACIC DUCT.

At this point I will draw your attention to what I consider
is the cause of a whole list of hitherto unexplained diseases,
which are only effects of the blood and other fluids being pro-
hibited from doing normal service by constrictions at the vari-
ous openings of the diaphragm. Thus prohibition of the free
action of the thoracic duct would produce congestion of the
receptaculum chyli, because it would not be able to discharge its
contents as fast as received. Is it not reasonable to suppose
that a ligation of the thoracic duct at the diaphragm would
retain this chyle until it would be diseased by age and fermenta-
tion, and be thrown off into the substances of other organs of the
abdomen, setting up new growths, such as enlargement of the
uterus, ovaries, kidneys, liver, spleen, pancreas, omentum, lym-
phatics, cellular membranes, and all that is known as flesh and

CO; THf

THE ABDOMEK. 15 1

blood below the diaphragm? Have you not reason to urge you
to explore and demand a deeper and more thorough anatomical
knowledge of the diaphragm and its power to produce disease
while in an abnormal condition from irritation, wounds, etc.?
Remember that this is a question that will demand your knowl-
edge of the mechanical formations and physiological actions
and the unobstructed privileges of fluids when prepared in the
laboratory of Nature, which must be sent at once to their des-
tination before they become diseased or die from age. You
must remember that you have been talked out of patience
in the room of symptomatology, and all you have learned is
that something ails the kidneys, and that their contents, when
analyzed, have been found defective. In urinalysis you are
told, "Here is fat," "Here is sugar," "Here is iron," "Here is
pus," "Here is albumen," and "This is diabetes," "This is
Bright's disease," but no suggestion is handed to the student's
mind to make him know these numerous variations from nor-
mal urine are simply effects, and the diaphragm has caused all
the trouble, by first being irritated by ribs falling, spinal strains,
wounds, and so on, from the coccyx to the base of the brain.
Symptomatology is very wise in putting this and that together
and giving it names, but it fails to give the cause of all these
lesions. Never once has it said or intimated that the diaphragm
is prolapsed by misplaced ribs, to which it is attached, or that it
is diseased by injury to the spine and nerves.

THE NERVES MUST ACT.

Remember there are five sets of nerves that are important
factors in then- divisions of life. They are the sensory, motor,
nutrient, voluntary, and involuntary. With all of these you,
as an engineer, must be familiar, and by proper adjustment
of the body you must be able to give them unlimited power to
perform their separate and united parts in sustaining life and
health.

' ! !

l-ll A<iU,31 S i JJOO

I5i PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

Now, as I have tried to place in your hands a compass, flag,
and chain that will lead you from effect to cause of disease in
any part or organ of the whole abdomen, I hope that many
mysteries that have hung over your mental horizon will pass
away, and give you abiding truths, placed upon the everlasting
rock of cause and effect. You have as little use for old symp-
tomatology as an Irishman has for a cork when the bottle is
empty. Osteopathy is knowledge, or it is nothing.

FEAST OF REASON.

Let me invite you to a feast at the table of reason. This
feast is to consist of materials furnished by the greatest of au-
thors of anatomy. The material man, with all his parts, is to be
spread upon the broad dishes of observation, and the divine
currents of life, displaying their wonderful works in the physi-
ological laboratory, will be spread upon this table before the
hungry mind as choice bits or dainties that belong to the man
who loves to reason, and to the man who wishes to enjoy some
of the fruits from the trees of mental life. Our bill of fare is all
before you. We will have sixteen changes of dishes at this feast.
Each dish will contain the greatest amount of vital nourish-
ment that the human tongue of reason has ever been called
upon to sample and taste. Our bill of fare reads, ' ' Brain, heart,
lungs, diaphragm, pancreas, spleen, stomach, liver and gall-
sac, large and small intestines, rectum, kidneys and ureters,
uterus, and bladder." The length of the table is from the coc-
cyx to the occiput, and its width the diameter of the human
body. This feast will be one of but little interest or relish to
the man who does not understand the combined beauties of
anatomy and physiology. The sweetness of taste comes with
an intimate acquaintance, by long and deep study of the com-
position and use of each dish of organic life set before the
invited host. Without such acquaintace, no dish upon this

THE ABDOMEN. IS3

table will be relished ; therefore, the invitation is only for him
who has qualified himself to partake of the interesting discourse.
When every dish appears upon this table without a flaw or
crack, and the dainties are as pure as Nature's God prepares
and sends forth, then we will have a feast whose joys can neither
be fathomed nor imagined. These dainties on which you are
invited to feast are as eternal as the ages, as wisely prepared as
the God of the universe has been able to furnish by His law of
absolute perfection. All are invited. This table to which you are
invited is durable. The choice nourishment which is to be
spread before you is as inexhaustible as the days of both ends of
eternity; therefore, this feast will neither end with mortality
nor immortality. Come one, come all.

On our bill of fare at this abdominal feast we have enumer-
ated by number and name all the dishes to be served. The
osteopath feasts upon the dishes that are found upon the table
of the abdomen, and each course will be required to be eaten
systematically by the invited guests. The plates will appear
'in each course by threes. Of the plates of the first course, one
will contain the stomach, another the small intestine, while the
third and last will be the large intestine. We feast you upon
this course of the alimentary canal, first, that you may know,
from the entering to the expelling of all material substances, the
extent of the whole road through which the alimentary sub-
stances pass. The second course will consist of three darker col-
ored dishes, with a purple tint. One contains the liver, anothei
the spleen, and the third the kidneys. The third course con-
sists of the heart, arteries, and veins. The fourth course, of an
equal number of dishes, contains the brain and the motor and
sensory nerves. The lungs, with their physical and chemical
laboratory for purifying and preparing the blood for universal
distribution and use throughout the body, when presented to
the heart for that purpose, constitute the fifth. The sixth

154 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

course will be the diaphragm, with its vessels of secretion and
nutrition, its form, locality, and its use. The seventh will con-
tain the bladders, ureters, and the general system of collecting
and excreting lifeless fluids through the excretory channels.
The ovaries and nerve- and blood-supply of the generative
system are the eighth course.

LESSONS TO LEARN.

This allegoric illustration has been given in order to accus-
tom your mind to feast and learn something of the forms of
the organs of life hi the human body. As you seem to be quite
handy in eating through each change of courses, and seem to be
familiar with the anatomical form and location of the various
systems of organs, we will hand you out the ninth change, con-
sisting of four dishes, the number required to contain the dif-
ferent divisions by name and locality of the one system known
to us as the absorbing laboratory of nutritious substances from
the alimentary canal. The first very large dish will contain the
greater and lesser omenta ; the second, third, and fourth will
contain the different divisions of the mesentery, beginning with
the meso-caecum, meso-transversalis, meso-colon, and meso-
rectum. The mesentery is shown by examination to be made
of very strong and elastic substances, supplied with blood-
vessels, lymphatics, and secretory and excretory systems, with
nerves to suit its functioning process. We also find its attach-
ments to the spine and bowels to be very extensive, extend-
ing many 'inches in length, about four to six up and down the
anterior surface of the spinal column, beginning with the second
lumbar. Its attachment at the other extremity from the spine
is to the bowels. The small intestine attachment is very exten-
sive. When the fan-shaped edge of attachment is measured,
it equals about eighteen or twenty feet, as generally observed
and reported by authors on anatomy and according to our own

THE ABDOMEN. 155

observations in dissections. The meso-caecum is firmly attached
both to the spine and that part of the intestines known as the
ascending colon. . This membrane is quite strong and elastic.
The meso-transversalis and meso-colon are also firmly attached
to the spine at the one extremity and to the bowels at the other.
This membranous sheet is very elastic and very liable to be
stretched when the bowels are pressed down. by mechanical
weights or great quantities of faecal matter. The caecum and
the transverse and sigmoid flexure are often forced from their
normal positions and piled into the pelvis, dragging the uterus
and small intestine down with the caecum and obstructing all
possible chance for the fluids of the small intestine to pass
through the ileo-caecal valve and reach the colon. Thus we have
a visible, philosophical cause for obstruction of faecal matter.
That is not debatable by any person who is endowed with any
power to reason from cause to effect.

HARMONY MUST EXIST.

We will say to the student of the philosophy of diseases of
the abdomen and their remote, active, and present causes, that
he is better prepared to take up the subject of diseases of the
many or few organs of the abdominal viscera if he knows
what is meant by disease of the organs of the abdomen, pelvis,
and chest. All these organs must work in perfect harmony to
produce health. Health requires the continuous action of
every organ, all nerves, all blood-vessels, all lymphatics, all the
secretory system, and all the excretory system, in order that
when the united products are thrown into the thoracic duct or
any other duct that conveys lymph or any other fluid, they will
be conveyed to the lungs. It is reasonable that this fluid, from
the many thousands of cells and channels through which it is
passed, will become as a unit. In order that health may be per-
fect, every drop of fluid must be conveyed from the lower bowels,

156 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

beginning with the rectum, ascending through the sigmoid and
up the left side of the abdomen, through the descending colon
and transverse colon and down to the iliac fossa, which is the
normal position allotted to the caecum. Reason will teach you
at once that each drop of lymph or venous blood coming from
the whole system of the large bowels, and absorbed by the mes-
entery and conveyed through that system to the thoracic duct,
must be absolutely and chemically pure, or disease will mark
the amount of variation caused by the amount of impurities
that are taken up by the mesenteries of any division, from the
rectum to the ileo-caecal valve.

AN OBSTRUCTION.

The importance of a knowledge and a very thorough knowl-
edge of the form and place, the function and object of the pro-
ductive ability, application, and use of the fluids necessary to
the production of good health is apparent. If after this prep-
aration is completed by the lungs and we have good blood, any
diseased condition of the viscera of the pelvis or thorax should
appear, in the form of thickening of the membranes, congestion,
thickening, or tumefaction of any organ or its appendages,
then we have a positive witness that a lymphatic duct, an ex-
cretory duct, or a venous duct is stopped by the ligation of its
channel by constriction, weight, or a cramp, or from pressure of
bone or muscle, preventing the passage of the fluid that has
been detained and has given size and form to this abnormal
tumefaction found adjacent to some gland. All interferences are
labeled to your understanding at once, by enlargement through
stoppage of fluids which ferment, inflame, and produce erysip-
elas and other manifestations of inflammations. The same
method of reasoning will enable the doctor of osteopathy to
prove to his understanding and satisfaction that acute and
chronic dysentery have origin and continuation from these

157

trading causes. The same method of reasoning is just as
go'bd in typhoid dysentery. The genius of anatomy and phys-
iology, with any ordinary amount of mechanical skill, will see
by all methods of reasoning that the caecum, the sigmoid, and
the small intestine are ditched into the pelvis, pressing and
compressing the nerves, veins, and arteries that should at all
times be free to act normally, or congestion, inflammation, and
sloughing away of the mucous membrane of the bowels, with
blood, lymph, and other substances, will follow. This dis-
turbance will produce irritation of other glands, through the
nervous system, and cause those irritated organs to unload their
diseased substances into the lymphatic and nervous channels
and convey this confused and poisonous mass of fluid back to
the lungs from the whole alimentary canal, the bladder, the
uterus, the kidneys, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and by
this physiological and chemical manifestation you can easily
account for variation in temperature known as the hot and
cold stages that accompany typhoid and other classes of fevers.

THE OMENTUM.

We have spoken in another place of the importance that
should be attached to the mesentery, uterus, and other organs,
and how they can become diseased, and in their effort to return
to the normal have generated tumors, inflammation, sloughing
away, and so on. We will now take up the omentum, and try
to treat this organ with consideration and due respect. We
are satisfied that it has much to do, if not all, in keeping the
lungs in a healthy condition. We have reason to believe, from
the history of post-mortems following tuberculosis and other
diseases of the lungs, that had this organ, the great omentum,
been kept normally in position, form, and size, well nourished
and properly renovated, we would have had but very little,
if any, tuberculosis of the lungs to report. We believe that we

158 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

have abundance of evidence to prove the responsibility that is
upon the omentum to sustain life and health and keep the lungs
forever pure. This subject will be discussed at greater length
under the head of "Diseases of the Lungs."

BLOOD- AND NERVE-SUPPLY.

We will insist on the student giving particular attention
to a knowledge of blood- and nerve-supply, and we insist on
his obtaining an exact and very comprehensive knowledge of
both supplies before he can expect to do acceptable work, sat-
isfactory to himself and to his patients. The blood and nerves
have much to do in producing and sustaining health. To have
perfection in blood-flow and nerve-power in health, means union
and action of both. Of what use would incomplete action be,
when perfect health is the result of the full and free action of
the nerves on blood that is to pass from the heart to all places,
if either blood- or nerve-currents should be stopped by any
cause? In the abdomen are many organs and functions that
must act all the time, and they must have blood to act on and
nerve-energy with which to act.

THE PANCREAS.

The pancreas opens the subject of demand and supply for
its use. This organ in healthy action gives back that finest of
milk, the pancreatic juice, that supplies, feeds, and nourishes
the whole system of the mucous membrane, tissues, and gen-
eral structures of the small intestine, while it receives and mixes
the gall with the food as it passes through the small intestine,
preparatory to being elaborated in the large intestine and
given back as blood in its first stages to the lymphatics, to be
conveyed to the heart and lungs for the final finishing to blood.
This blood is sent forth by the heart by way of the arteries,
great and small, to each gland for its use. A plentiful supply of

THE ABDOMEN. 159

blood branches off from the greater arteries after leaving the
heart to supply each organ, with all its attachments, all to
perfect fullness of supply. This blood system and the spinal
cord, the brain, the nerves, with force equal to all, demands
healthy action in each organ of the head, neck, chest, abdomen,
and limbs, with no exception to the law of demand and sup-
ply, which is absolute through all nature.

AWAY WITH QUACKERY.

But our present work, for a time, is to fight the battles of the
abdomen and free it from drug quackery and the abuses that the
viscera receive from ignorance of drugs and their effects, and
the continued blind faith kept up by the drug doctors in their
efficacy. If Nature requires drugs, where would it go to find
the laboratory that could be trusted to make drugs that would
benefit the body? Would it trust its own liver to make the
gall? Would it, in time of need, trust the pancreas to make
good juice? Would it trust the heart and lungs to make or
finish good blood and dose it out to the invalid organs of the
body? Would it trust each organ for its own products as the
system should need its remedial agency?

THE IMPORTANCE OF PURE BLOOD.

If the abdomen provides the rough material for the blood
of the system, and perfect health can only come from good
blood, and perfect blood cannot be furnished by imperfect vis-
cera nor any imperfection in form, location, or function of any
organ of the abdomen, chest, or brain, why not hunt for some
cause of disease in the machinery that produces blood from the
start to its finish ? If we find a failure in health, we would surely
show wisdom by going into the machine-shop to find defects
in the machine or system of organs which starts with crude
material and brings forth pure blood. We would have to begin

l6o PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

with the mouth and critically examine for imperfections in both
jaws; examine the articulations, the muscles, nerves, tongue,
and teeth. If found good, mark"O. K." Then take the throat.
Be a careful critic, and find to a certainty that every muscle,
ligament, nerve, and all blood-supply are perfectly normal from
mouth to stomach, and if so, mark "O. K." Take up the stom-
ach ; if good, pass on to the duodenum and the rest of the small
intestine, and follow that channel to its ending in the colon at
the ileo-csecal valve. If normal, take up the colon ; begin at the
caecum and find that it is not too far down in the pelvis ; see that
the sigmoid colon does not force the caecum into the pelvis and
pull womb, bladder, and small intestine into the pelvic cavity
and close the caecal valve. If all is found to be in a normal con-
dition, we will seek further for some cause for the failure in pro-
duction of healthy blood. We will explore the whole extent,
beginning with the ileo-caecal valve, and up the right side to the
point of curvature, where the transverse colon starts to cross
the abdomen. If that division be found good after careful
examination, we will then take up the subject of exploring the
descending colon. Follow down the left side as far as it is firmly
attached to the spine by the mesentery to that loose division
generally known as the sigmoid flexure or division of the
descending colon. This division is very liable to drop into the
pelvis hi such a manner as to make a stoppage of faecal matter
by short and obstructing kinks of the colon, through which
faecal matter cannot pass on account of obstructions just
described. If no trouble is found after a careful examination
of the ileo-caecal valve, the ascending colon, transverse and
descending colon, we will move on to the rectum for further
observations. If that division is found to be truly normal, it
would be useless to prosecute a further exploration of the ali-
mentary canal for the cause of diseased blood. We will now
take up the mesentery at its highest attachment, pass on down

THE ABDOMEN. l6l

to the caecum, and see that there is no undue elongation of the
membranes that hold the bowels in their normal position. If
the spinal attachment is found to be truly normal with the spine
and the large bowel, with no abnormal kinks or twists in the
folds of the mesentery, and our search has been complete, we
will also have to report this part of the investigation as good.
The colon, from the caecal valve to the rectal termination, being
normal, we will proceed no further with the exploration of the
large bowel, but take up the small intestine for the purpose of
exploration from the duodenum to the caecum. If we find no
undue proportions of the mesentery in the region of the duo-
denum, particularly in the vicinity of the connection of the gall-
pipe with the duodenum and the pancreatic duct, we will journey
from this point downward to the point where the ileum con-
nects with the colon. If there are no kinks, folds, intussuscep-
tion of the bowels, or no obstructions by hernia or faecal matter,
and no adhesions, we will be in duty bound to report the whole
alimentary canal normal from mouth to anus, and seek the
cause of physiological disturbance in some other system of the
viscera.

DISEASED BLOOD.

Let us reason from the known facts that we possess, when
we seek for causes of diseases of the organs of the abdomen.
What effect does diseased blood of the organs of any part of the
body, by its progressive injury, produce on the general system
by its poisonous compounds on blood, lymph, and nerve? First,
we know that the aorta supplies the abdominal viscera, direct
from the heart, and it is easy to find just where the blood comes
from that supplies the pancreas, spleen, liver, stomach, bowels,
kidneys, uterus, omentum, and the mesentery system or any
part of the abdomen. Also, we can just as easily find the ven-
ous system that returns the blood to the heart. We can find

1 62 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

and follow the lymphatic system of the abdomen, in all its
functions, to the heart and lungs, with its supply of raw mate-
rial to keep up the supply of blood for the whole system. We
know the nerve-supply, both spinal and sympathetic, for the
whole abdominal viscera, its uses and location. With this
knowledge of nerve-, blood-, and lymph-supplies, we are well
prepared to begin to reason and search successfully for causes
of diseases that arise in the abdomen from injuries to the vis-
cera, from mechanical or other causes, or hurts to the organs,
muscles, glands, or membranes of the abdomen. In diseases of
the pancreas, cause for disease would be found in a deranged
nerve-, blood-, or lymph-supply, or the ducts that deliver the
pancreatic juice to the duodenum. If the disease should ap-
pear in the spleen, the same system of searching for the cause
would be indicated, to find the cause for blood- and nerve-
failure in keeping up the normal functioning of the spleen.
The same method would apply to the liver and direct the seeker
to the cause that was responsible for diseases of the liver and
gall-sac, and banish from the doctor's mind all doubt as to the
cause of tumors, gall-stones, cancers, and on through the list of
liver and gall diseases.

We all know, if we have even a little knowledge of anatomy,
that the coeliac axis branches out from the aorta just below the
diaphragm, and supplies the pancreas, spleen, liver, and stom-
ach. We know how the blood returns from each one of them,
and also how the nerve-supply leaves the solar plexus to give
blood-action to and from each organ of the abdomen. Perfec-
tion in blood-flow to and from all organs must be perpetually
normal or disease will show its work in lack of blood to supply
the local or general nourishment to the organ that is diseased
or starved for want of blood. If the arterial supply is good,
the venous and lymphatic systems must do the work of drain-
ing, or we will have a large spleen or liver, a congested stomach

THE ABDOMEN. 163

or pancreas, all from the break in the blood-, lymph-, or nerve-
chain of supply. This law holds good in supplies, drainage,
purity, and health of all organs of the system, just as well as
those I have named. The cause of uterine growths, and of dis-
eases of the intestines, is absolute ; Nature never changes. To
find the obstruction of the blood- and nerve-functioning is the
object of the person who reasons and cures by osteopathy.

How ABOUT NATURE?

Does Nature do its work to a finish? If so, we have a last-
ing foundation on which to stand. Then we must work to ac-
quaint ourselves with the process by which it proceeds to do its
work in the physical man. Not only to make a well-planned
and well-builded superstructure, but to care for and guard
against the approach and possession of foreign elements, that
either cripple or hinder perfect action in all functions of the
organs to form protective compounds that will ward off the
formation of fungous growths of blood and flesh before the lat-
ter can get deadly possession of the laboratory of animal life.
Such fungous growths as microbes, germs, bacteria, parasites,
and so on to all abnormal formations, are reported to have
been found in the bodies of the sick by many authors, as
results of their investigations of the compounds in the blood,
sputa, and stools of the sick. We will not dispute the fact that
they have been and often are found in the blood, sputa, and
faecal and other substances of the body. We will willingly admit
that they are truths as reported as the results of discoveries
made by many of the most learned and painstaking scientists
of years of the past and of the years of our own day and gener-
ation. That the student may the better comprehend my
object, I will admit and agree that such organisms as described
are found in lung disease, disease of the stomach, bowels, liver,
kidneys, or any organ of the system. I do not wish to dis-

164 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES Otf OSTEOPATHY.

prove their existence, but wish to take such witnesses and
try to prove that all such abnormal changes have a cause in
suspension of arterial or venous blood, or lymph, the excretory
systems, or by their nerve-supply being cut off at some impor-
tant point of the physical work. A clean shop is just as neces-
sary to good work as the skilled mechanic is to the construction
of the part desired. A careful hunt for the broken link that has
allowed the chain of life to fail to make the work complete
throughout, and let We substances spoil in the blood or lymph
before it has been used in the place or purpose for which it was
designed, must be instituted. I want to impress upon you
that all bad sputa, poor lymph, and defective blood are effects
only, and a broken link is the cause, and bacteria are only the
buzzards formed by the biogen that is in the dead blood itself.

BASED ON FACTS.

The science of osteopathy is based on a system of reason-
ing that does not go beyond principles and truths that can be
proven to exist in all of man's make-up, both physical and vital.
A truth can always be demonstrated ; otherwise, we may have
only a theory that is awaiting demonstration, but which until
demonstrated does not merit adoption, neither should it be
taught until abundantly proven by reliable demonstration.
Then, such truths are ever-living facts and will lead the pos-
sessor to good results all the time. An organ is supplied by an
artery sent as a branch from some principal trunk, and that
trunk is connected to others that run back to the heart from
the territory in which the organ is situated. If the work has
been done well and the organ is found to be normal hi size and
action, we have found a demonstrated truth that the blood was
delivered and used normally by the forces necessary to give
form and function to organized life. We prove by observation
that the work necessary to that organ is true, because the organ

THE ABDOMEN. 165

is perfect, in place, size, and function, which could not be if
there were an imperfection in the blood, its vessels, or the nerves
of the organ, or those by which it was constructed and kept up
to meet the normal demands of organic life. We must aim to
gain a commanding knowledge of all parts of the body and the
methods necessary to keep all parts in position, to insure the
delivery and appropriation of the blood to its intended use, to
build the organ and keep it normally pure. If we find perfec-
tion to be the condition of an organ, we are justified to pro-
nounce that part good, until some accident befalls it that causes
abnormal features, which will teach you that a failure has ap-
peared in some part of the supply or appropriation. With your
knowledge, you are warranted in seeking the cause and proceed-
ing to readjust the parts from any imperfection discovered to the
original condition of the organ and all thereunto belonging, pro-
vided there is an open approach from the heart to the organ and
in return from the organ back to the heart. When you have
adjusted the physical to its normal demands, Nature univer-
sally supplies the remainder. I think I have said enough of
the importance of the truly normal in form and functions of the
organs of the body to take up and make special application of
this philosophical guide to a careful search for the true cause of
any variation from the healthy condition.

BEGIN AT THE RECTUM.

I will proceed to draw your attention to natural causes
that would produce the beginning of diseases. We will begin
our observation at the very foundation of the abdominal viscera,
the rectum, the colon, back and up the left side to the point that
would lead across the abdomen to the caecum, whose normal
position is the right iliac fossa. It here makes connection with
the small intestine, and is also provided with a valve to admit
fluids when passing in one direction and to refuse the return

1 66 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

passage of any substance from the caecum back and through
the small intestine. We wish to travel as explorers from the
rectum through the large and small intestines, stomach, and
throat, with a view toward a practical knowledge of the normal
position of the different divisions of the alimentary tract.
Knowing that the alimentary system is an all-important part
of the body mechanism, we can only expect good and healthy
results from that which is normal in the whole canal, in form,
size, and position, before we can ask for normal functioning,
because every organ's health depends without doubt upon nor-
mality in every principle and action of the parts of the ali-
mentary canal from the mouth to the anus. We must recog-
nize the importance of knowledge, and much knowledge, of the
alimentary system, without which the osteopath is a failure.

THE FUNCTION OF THE VISCERA.

It is my object and intention to prove by philosophy, his-
tory, and demonstration that the abdominal viscera are respon-
sible for our good health, and that they are the sole dependence
for our normal physical forms and forces. I want to admonish
the student of this philosophy that if the anatomical forms are
definitely correct in position, and held in that position by nor-
mal ligaments, we can expect perfectly natural work in every
department of all the organs of the abdomen, the present field
of exploration. It is just as reasonable to expect that variations
from the normal in any organ, nerve, or blood-vessel will pro-
duce diseases in the functioning or the nerves, blood-vessels,
and adjacent organs, and add to the already diseased or dis-
turbed conditions by bulky deposits in the lymphatic cells and
glands. We have in this manner a new obstruction created
from the thickened membranes and flesh through which blood
and other substances are conveyed from one organ to another.
This would be a good cause to set up deranged conditions, fer-

THE ABDOMEN. 1 67

mentation, inflammation, and pus-formation. We have rea-
soned and demonstrated to the physiological anatomist, who is
aided by his knowledge of chemistry, that diseased conditions
must follow soon after stoppage and deposits of any sub-
stances. Local fermentation will set up and become extended
by progressive encroachment.

That the student may understand what we mean by liga-
ments, or ligamentous attachments, we will begin with the
ascending colon and ask your attention to its attachment to the
spine, also to its composition, its elasticity, and its contractile
power, because of the great importance to know how far this
muscle, meso-caecum, will allow the caecum to descend into the
pelvis with other divisions of the bowels, if at all, without tear-
ing away from its spinal attachment. Then, we will carefully
note the attachment of the anchorage of the transverse colon,
and find how much stretching of the wandering muscle toward
the pelvis, with the weight of the bowels and their contents, will
be allowed before a tear or separation would occur. By this
observation we wish to be informed how far from the spinal
column the transverse colon could fall down toward the pelvis.
We will now take up the descending colon, drawing your atten-
tion to its attachments by such membranes as confine it to the
spine. Carefully note, with great caution, how much the
descending colon will be allowed to descend by the elasticity of
its mesentery. The mesentery in post-mortems has been found
to have grown to great lengths from the spine, which would per-
mit the bowels to wander from their natural position, filling the
pelvis with impacted faecal matter. We invite the attention of
the patient reader particularly to the mesenteries, for the pur-
pose of receiving and giving more light on the cause of typhoid
fever, constipation, flux, dysentery, etc.

1 68 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES Otf OSTEOPATHY.

THE MESENTERY.

The bowels are attached to and held in place by a web or
flat rope or elastic sheet attached to the front of the spine at
one extremity and the other extremity attached to the bowels.
This web is long enough to allow the bowels to change, roll, or
move to' different places in the abdomen. It is well for the
student to know about how far that muscle will allow the bow-
els to move from their normal position, while diagnosing any
disease. He should know if that change in the position of the
bowels would or could impinge on the natural flow of the blood
and other fluids for general purposes in animal life. How much
variation, if any, of the bowels can be tolerated and not cause
bad results ? Many grave questions arise in the minds of the stu-
dents when reasoning on the failure of health and the causes
that have given rise to that abnormal condition hi the func-
tioning of one, many, or all of the organs of the body. As there
is something of a sameness in the symptoms of many diseases,
we would naturally reason that equal causes would be required
to give a soreness of spine, limbs, flesh, and brain, hot or cold
sensations and stupor, and other symptoms that are common
to all climatic diseases. As we have spoken of the similarity
of symptoms that are given by all works or authors on general
practice or therapeutics, we can contrast or compare their gen-
eral symptoms as proof that they do act on the same nerves in
just about the same way. If they affect the nervous system
similarly, then the causes of such effects belong to the same
systems of lymphatic glands, cells, and systems of nutrition
that belong to the deep and superficial fascia or pancreas.

The human being is one of the animals whose body stands
erect or perpendicular to the earth. He stands upon two feet.
Other animal bodies have four feet, on which they stand and
hold the body in the horizontal position or parallel with the
earth's surface. It is reasonable to suppose that the bodies of

THE ABDOMEN. 169

both organs are fastened to the spine by muscles and ligaments
(mesentery), which are prepared in size, form, and strength to
hold each organ to its normal position during motion and rest.
As the organs of the four-footed animals are suspended under
the spine and hang directly toward the earth 's center, the liga-
ments would be normal only when they accommodate the organ
to that horizontal spine. The erect body of the two-footed
animal must have its sustaining ligaments correspond with the
erect position of the body, with the strength and forms to suit
the weights which they are intended to support, and at the same
time be more powerfully attached to the spine than in the four-
footed animal. In man we may expect much flopping, twist-
ing, and kinking in the mesentery, producing all sorts of varia-
tion from the normal condition, health.

THE OMENTUM.

This chapter is on diseases that follow injuries of the
greater or lesser omentum, the mesentery, and fascia. All con-
tain great amounts of blood-vessels and lymphatic vessels and
glands, peculiarly arranged to supply and drain each system,
with all the nerves necessary to the force required in the
functioning labors of secreting and preparing material sub-
stances to be used as blood-force. Any person who has ever
been in a butcher-shop, slaughter-house, or on a farm, and has
seen the farmer kill hogs for fresh meat, knows that the hog has
a fatty covering over the bowels, and that the farmer calls that
sheet of fat the "caul fat" of the hog. He sees the farmer cut
this fatty sheet loose from the stomach and the ligaments that
join it to the spine, spleen, pancreas, and diaphragm. He thus
gets a general idea of the size and form of the omentum or "caul
fat," but he has learned nothing of its use, more than that it
is spread out over the bowels. The student of anatomy soon
learns that it is in man about twelve to sixteen inches wide at

170 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES O? OSTEOPATHY.

the upper end and rounds off to suit the abdomen as it descends
from the stomach. It is about one-half of an inch thick. It
has a few large arteries distributed through its body and a full
supply of very fine arteries that furnish blood for the lymph-
vessels and glands. The muscular and fibrinous tissue-cells
are equally well supplied with blood.

WHAT Is THE FUNCTION?

But all this knowledge does not give light on the function
of that organ. Let us halt and hunt for more light. It is evi-
dent as we approach the omentum and take into consideration
its form, its blood-, nerve-, and lymph-supply, that we are in the
presence of some kind of a manufacturer, and it is our object
to become, if possible, better acquainted with the object for
which Nature has constructed and placed the omentum in such
an important location. If it is the office of this organ to take
up the lymph and other crude materials and construct vital
substances, we want to be benefited by a knowledge of that
fact. We see lymph-, blood-, and nerve-systems all through the
omentum and its attachments in all its parts. We see the
channels through which substances enter the omentum. We
know the origin of blood-, nerve-, and lymph-supplies from dis-
sections. We know this is a laboratory, and have reason to
believe it is a very fine one, and we also believe that it is respon-
sible as an official for the performance of great duties in pro-
ducing and sustaining healthy conditions of the whole system
by the purity of the substances it collects, prepares, and sends
forth. Without that perfection we cannot reasonably expect
or hope for good health. If perfect normality in all its active
principles is a guarantee of good health, is it not just as reason-
able to guarantee diseased condition of the whole body when the
omentum becomes diseased by wounds or injuries of any kind ?

I have taken up my pen with the view of giving a few
thoughts on the use of the omentum, in conjunction with the

THE ABDOMEN. 17!

mesenteries, in keeping the body physiologically normal. I
take up this subject and approach it with consideration to
the cause of disease and death, in the hope that I may present
the responsibility that naturally falls upon the mesentery and
the ornentum. We will begin with the membranous attach-
ments, starting at the neck and following the spine clear on
down to the last division of the sacrum. These membranes are
attached first to the spinal column, and then to the various
organs of the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. We wish to go
beyond the simple fact that organs are attached to and held in
position by some part of this system of membranes, well known
to the anatomist by the name of peritoneum. It is the physi-
ological action and productive power found in this almost
continuous system from the neck to the sacrum to which we
wish to draw the student's attention. All these membranous
attachments from the neck to the sacrum are abundantly sup-
plied with nerves, blood, and lymphatic vessels. Their office
as such is known to be that of secreting and sending lymph and
other substances to the heart and lungs, to be prepared and
returned in due time to construct and keep various organs and
divisions of the body in a healthy condition, that each organ,
separate and united, can keep the system in the normal con-
dition which we recognize and call good health. In order
that we may proceed correctly in considering nutrition as being
prepared and sent forth to the heart and lungs for sustaining
the body normally, we will halt for observation in the vicinity
of the meso-rectum, meso-colon, transversalis and descending
colon, and the small intestine throughout the attachment of
this whole system of the mesentery. We will first take the
thought of the mechanical preparation of the secretion and
reception of the digested fluids as absorbed by the secretories of
the mesentery. We will also seriously consider the physiolog-
ical functioning during the collection of this fluid and its course

172 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

in receiving the finishing touches, previous to its being sent out
from the heart and handed over to the constructing machin-
ery of animal life. We wish to ask of your reason, how much
of this mesentery system would be required to produce and
sustain perfect health? It appears to me that no other answer
would be given that would be satisfactory to the man of reason
short of, that all of the entire mesentery system must pull to-
gether all the time, or a failure of some organ to perform its duty
will undoubtedly appear. At this time we wish to dwell par-
ticularly upon the omentum and its power to sustain the lungs
in a healthy condition by furnishing in part or in whole the
substance necessary to keep lung, muscle, and tissue supplied
with muscular form and force to receive the coming sub-
stances that pass to the lungs, through the vena porta, to be pre-
pared by the chemical action which separates the impurities,
and the physiological power necessary to reject those impuri-
ties, to receive and deliver to the heart the suitable substances
to be sent out and keep up the continuous repair of the body,
and to retain the lungs themselves in the very best working
order, that they may be able through the muscular and nerve
power to do all the work incumbent upon them. Perhaps it
would be best to say to the student at this time that so far as the
writer can ascertain from post-mortems reported in great num-
ber by anatomists after investigations of diseases of the heart,
kidneys, bowels, uterus, and the spleen, universally the omen-
tum has been found in an abnormal condition in cases of
tuberculosis of the lungs. I wish to call your attention to the
fact that, so far as I can obtain any evidence, all post-mortems
show that the otnentums examined have been diseased or found
misplaced. Foreign growths or shrinkage of the omentum
have been found in all post-mortems. Since then, the atten-
tion of the writer has been called to the thought that possibly
tuberculosis was more of a disease of the omentum and mesen-

THE ABDOMEN. 173

tery than of the lungs. With this view, I believe that at an
early day we will be successful with lung diseases in fact,
with diseases of all organs of the body in proportion to our
acquaintance with the omentum and mesentery. Almost the
whole list of diseases of climate and season will show a failure
of the mesentery to sustain health through normal action,
which, when properly understood, will reveal variations from
the normal and physiological workings of the omentum, mesen-
tery, or peritoneum from the neck to the sacrum. In proof of
this, we will report observations on our conclusions as to the
cause of diseases of the glandular and lymphatic systems. With
the evidence we have, we believe such variations mark the
beginning of the mesenteric failures in some function, either of
the blood-, nerve-, or lymph-supplies, and physiological failures
to act to their full normal capacity as required by the exacting
demands of health.

ESTABLISHED ONE CAUSE.

When the beginning cause of disease is found and estab-
lished as positively as can be reasoned out by paralytic falling
of the bowels into the pelvis, when a wrench of the spinal col-
umn has been given with force enough to slip the vertebral ar-
ticulations and inhibit nerves, then we have proven one cause
that has let the muscles of the mesentery give up contractility
and allow the colon to fall into the pelvis. Thus we see the
importance of a perfectly normal spine at all points of articu-
lation. In this case, to fall into the pelvis is just as certain to
follow and will be observed by the bowels as strictly as falling
bodies observe the laws of gravitation. We have a heavy pull-
ing of the mesentery attachment at the spine by the weight ap-
plied at the point of attachment to the large bowels, giving the
bowels abnormality in position and weight. That weight rests
directly upon the organs that have preceded this fall of the
bowels and now occupy a position in the pelvis, to be tortured

174 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

by the oppressive weight of the bowels loaded with immovable
faecal matter. We have the weight lying across both ureters,
descending from the kidneys to the bladder. We have irrita-
tion of the kidneys by cut-off of the flow of urine between the
kidneys and the bladder. This urine, suspended or prohibited
from entering the bladder, accumulates to an irritable quantity
between the point of suspension or inhibition and the kid-
ney end of the ureter. We have a qualified condition for the
absorption and distribution of uremic poisons in poisonous
quantities by the secretory system of the abdomen. We have a
known cause, in reason, for so-called kidney diseases. We feel
we have proven the frequent and even common occurrence of
''wreckage "of the bowels, bladder, and womb, held down by
contracture of the abdominal wall, the weight of the bowels
with their contents, the womb and its congested body, and all
attached membranes and fascia, with the added weight of
congestion caused by detained venous blood. Further wreckage
continues by interference with the arterial blood, which is
stopped from reaching its natural landings. Another conse-
quence is a great enlargement of veins, lymph-cells, cysts, and
tubes of receipt and distribution. The excretory channels also
become shocked and confused as effects of the first pelvic
wreck. From that confused pile of wreckage, we can easily
account for the formation of tumors on the uterus, bladder,
rectum, and for all diseases of the abdominal viscera, such as
tuberculosis of the bowels, kidneys, liver, pancreas, and spleen.
All these effects are possible, all are reasonable, and all are
indisputable effects that follow wreckage of the organs of the
abdomen.

APPENDICITIS.

At the present time, more than at any other time since
the birth of Christ, the men of the medical and surgical world
have centralized their minds for the purpose of relieving local

THE ABDOMEN. 175

conditions, excruciating pain, below the kidneys, in both the
male and female.

For some reason, possibly justifiable, it has been decided
to open the human body and explore the region just below the
right kidney in search of the cause of this trouble. The explo-
rations were made upon the dead first. Small seeds and other
substances have been found in the vermiform appendix, which
is a hollow tube several inches in length. These discoveries led
to explorations in the same locality in the living. In some of the
cases, though very few, seeds and other substances have been
found in the vermiform appendix, supposed to be the cause of
inflammation of the appendix. Some have been successfully
removed, and permanent relief followed the operation. These
explorations and successes in finding substances in the vermi-
form appendix, their removal, and successful recovery in some
cases, have led to what may properly be termed a hasty system
of diagnosis, and it has become very prevalent, being resorted
to by many physicians, under the impression that the vermi-
form appendix is of no use, and that the human being is just as
well off without it.

Therefore it is resolved, that as nothing positive is known
of the trouble in the location above described, it is guessed that
it is a disease of the vermiform appendix. Therefore they
etherize and dissect for the purpose of exploring, to ascertain
if the guess is right or wrong. In the diagnosis, this is a well-
defined case of appendicitis. The surgeon 's knife is driven
through the quivering flesh in great eagerness in search of the
vermiform appendix. The bowels are rolled over and around
in search of the appendix. Sometimes some substances are
found in it, but more often, to the chagrin of the exploring phy-
sician, it is found to be in a perfectly healthy and normal condi-
tion. So seldom is it found containing seeds or any substance
whatever that, as a general rule, it is a useless and dangerous

176 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

experiment. The percentage of deaths caused by the knife
and ether, and the permanently crippled, will justify the asser-
tion that it would be far better for the human race if they lived
and died in ignorance of appendicitis. A few genuine cases
might die from that cause ; but if the knife were the only known
remedy, it were better that one should die occasionally than to
continue this system.

ANOTHER VICTORY.

Osteopathy furnishes the world with a relief here which is
absolutely safe, without the loss of a drop of blood, that has for
its foundation and philosophy a fact based upon the longitu-
dinal contractile ability of the appendix itself, which is able to
eject by its natural forces any substances that may by an
unnatural move be forced into the appendix. My first osteo-
pathic treatment for appendicitis was in 1877, at which time I
treated a Mr. Surratt and gave permanent relief. During the
early eighties I treated and permanently cured Mrs. Emily Pick-
ler, of Kirksville, mother of our former representative, S. M.
Pickler, and mother of former Congressman John A. Pickler,
of South Dakota. The infirmary has had bad cases of appendi-
citis, probably running in numbers up into hundreds, without
failing to relieve and cure a single case. The ability of the
appendix to receive and discharge foreign substances is taught
in the American School of Osteopathy and is successfully prac-
ticed by its diplomates. In the case of Mr. Surratt, I found
lateral twist of lumbar bones. I adjusted the spine, lifted the
bowels, and he got well. When I was called to Mrs. Pickler,
she had been put on light diet, by the surgeon, preparatory to
the knife. She soon recovered under my treatment without
any surgical operation, and is alive and well at this date.

MANY QUERIES.

To many, such questions as these will arise. Has the
appendix at its entrance a sphincter muscle similar in action to

THE ABDOMEN. 177

that of the rectum and oesophagus? Has it the power to con-
tract and dilate, to contract and shorten in its length and eject
all substances when the nerves are in a normal condition? And
where is the nerve that failed to act to throw out the substance
that entered the cavity of the appendix? Has God been so
forgetful as to leave the appendix hi such a condition as to
receive foreign bodies, without preparing it by its power of con-
traction, or otherwise, to throw out such substances? If He
has, He surely has forgotten part of His work. Reason has
taught me that He has done a perfect work, and on that line I
have proceeded to treat appendicitis for twenty-five years,
without pain and misery to the patient, and have given per-
manent relief hi all the cases that have come to me. With the
diagnosis of doctors and surgeons that appendicitis was the
malady, and the choice of relief was between the knife and
death, or possibly both, many such cases have come for osteo-
pathic treatment, and examination has revealed hi every case
that there has been previous injury to some set of spinal nerves,
caused by jars, strains, or falls. Every case of appendicitis
and renal or gall-stones can be traced to some such cause.

These principles I have proclaimed and thought for thirty
years.

GOD'S WORK COMPLETE.

We should use caution in our assertions that Nature has
made its work so complete in animal forms and furnished them
with such wisely prepared principles that they could produce
and administer remedies to suit the occasion, and not go out-
side of the body to find them. Should we find by experiment
that man is so arranged and wisely furnished by Deity as to
ferret out disease and purify and keep the temple of life in ease
and health, we should hesitate to make known the fact. The
opposite opinion has had full sway for centuries, and man has,

1 78 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY

by habit, long usage, and ignorance, adjusted his mind so as to
submit to customs of the great past, so that should he try, with-
out previous training, to reason and bring his mind to the alti-
tude of the thought of the greatness and wisdom of the Infinite,
he might become insane or fall back in a stupor and exist only
as a living mental blank in the great ocean of life. It would be
a great calamity to have all the untrained minds shocked so
seriously as to cause them to lose the might of reason they now
have, and be sent back once more to dwell in Darwin 's proto-
plasm. I tell you there is danger, and we must be careful to
show the people small stars, and but one at a time, till they can
begin to reason and realize that God has done all that the wisest
can attribute to Him.

WHAT ARE ABDOMINAL TUMORS ?

At this time the term "abdominal tumors" applies to the
womb and its appendages, but really it should include the
tumefaction of any organ, muscle, or membrane of the abdomen.
But the tendency to attribute such growths to the womb as
natural to its various productive powers seems to veil the eye
of the gynaecologist to all else excepting the native ability of
the womb to grow tumors by the bushel. Suppose they do
grow, where and what is the parent cause that deposited the
germ? as nothing can appear or exist without a cause. Either
close to or remote from, we should seek with determined dili-
gence for the cause that is behind, giving life and form to
tumors on any organ, muscle, or membrane of the abdomen.
Abdominal tumors are as natural as gravitation. Tumefaction
is only the natural effect that follows or appears in the abdomen
or pelvis when lymph is stopped in its natural channels in any
organ or part of the viscera or abdominal wall. In the abdo-
men we find a house or chamber, all nicely prepared, lined or
calcimined with tissues, membranes, and fascia, with lymp'iatic

THE ABDOMEN. 179

glands, cells, nerves, veins, and arteries. Then in the abdo-
men we see or find just room enough for the easy working of the
organs while functioning in all divisions, and reason demands
that to succeed in good and perfect work no two or more organs
can work perfectly when one is crowding on another. If not,
what can we expect but strangulation at points, and the
appearance of growths that develop owing to the stoppage of
lymph in the lymph-channels and cells? Thus it is that piles
are caused by pressure on the bowels. When the caecum falls
down into the pelvis, it shuts off the returning blood in the
hemorrhoidal veins and gives us a cause for tumors of the rec-
tum. Let me draw your attention to the fact that as sure as
the caecum drops low in the pelvis, and obstruction of faecal
matter appears, then you have irritation of the bowels and
constipation, with the weight of the faecal matter of the large
and small intestines to completely stop free and natural action
of the nerve- and blood-supply of the contents of the pelvis.
Thus we have no pelvic action, because it is wedged full to over-
flowing with foreign bodies and substances that ought to be
held back and off by then- own mesenteries. They have failed
to keep the large bowels up and out of the pelvis, and we see
cause for confusion, the beginning of pelvic and abdominal
growths, from oedema to the great tumors of the abdomen.
The student of anatomy and physiology will see at once the
cause, beginning in the pelvis and proceeding from the anus
to the tonsils, creating all forms and kinds of abdominal
tumors and cancers of the bladder, womb, bowels, kidneys,
appendix, pancreas, stomach, gall-sac, liver, spleen, heart, lungs,
and brain. How would any person account for the growth of
a fibroid tumor of the uterus, pelvis, or any section or organ
of the abdominal viscera? To stop a river with an ice-gorge
does not stop the flow of water, but sends it to surrounding ter-
ritory just as fast as the gorge builds the dam up higher, and it

PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OK OSTEOPATHY

is just as reasonable to know that a dam across a river of blood
will drive the blood to other places just as long as the supply
comes.

PROLAPSED VISCERA.

Prolapsed viscera create or are the cause of many dis-
turbances of the nerve- and blood-currents. Venous blood
dies in the veins to such a degree that it can only be applied to
build up by the vital help given by the lymphatic veins. We
reason that this is the cause of the growths in regions of venous
oppression by weights or strictures. An artery has much force
to propel blood through its channel, while the vein has but lit-
tle if any. Thus the arteries can keep up the vitality of the
venous blood or lymph and build mountains or great-sized
tumors. In this way we can account for tumors appearing in
many places in the body, particularly in the abdominal viscera.
A venous current of blood stopped in return does not die, but
is kept alive by the vitality of the arterial blood, and builds the
excrescences of the abdomen. Beginning at the sphincter ani
and ending at the brain, we see the effects of congestion in
tumefactions and general or special abnormalities, loss of hair,
sight, and hearing, diseased tonsils, nasal membranes, and air-
passages. All are directly or indirectly accounted for, and it
can be quite easily demonstrated that they will follow disturb-
ances of blood- and lymph-circulation. This should be well
comprehended by the student of natural philosophy, particu-
larly the one in the study of the machinery of life. He can
demonstrate this law to his own mind by adjusting that part
or foundation over which the blood should travel from the aorta
to the pancreas, for the purpose of giving nourishment to that
organ and all its functioning apparatus. Having already ad-
justed the territory through which the arterial vessels pass, to
the absolutely normal, with the flow of blood free and easy

THE ABDOMEN. l8l

from the aorta to the pancreas, we will take up the consider-
ation of the venous flow from the pancreas back to the vena
cava. This returning current of blood is more liable to do
mischief if suspended or stopped beyond its normal time in
the veins of the pancreas, becoming a cause of disease and
death by imperfect production of pancreatic fluids, which
should be perfect before entering the duodenum. We then
have reason to decide that imperfection of the functioning of
the bowels, both large "and small, would follow. We would
expect fever, thirst, constipation, and chronic inflammation
of the bowels from the duodenum to the ileo-caecal valve.
Also, for the want of this nourishment, we would expect to
discover a weakness in the nerves of the mesenteries, which
would be followed by elongation of the mesentery. This would
lengthen the mesentery and allow the bowels, by their weight
of faecal matter and blood- and lymph-stagnation, to fall very
low down into the abdomen and pile up in a confused mass.
The caecum would fall to the very bottom of the pelvic floor,
and the ileo-caecal valve would be obstructed under this pile of
fallen bodies.

Go INTO CAMP.

Let me refresh your minds that in dissections the spleen,
kidneys, stomach, uterus, bladder, and large and small intes-
tines have frequently been found in the pelvis. I want you
to camp on the borders of the pelvis again, and stay there
with your microscope, both in hand and head, until you know
what this great wreckage of the viscera has produced by hav-
ing been thrown into the pelvis from any cause whatsoever,
either mechanical or chemical. We must remember that the
pelvis is well supplied with systems of nerves, on which the
health and vitality of every organ that is in the body
is dependent, for health and harmonious systemic support.

182 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

With us the foundation of life must be solidly constructed
of stones of the highest grades of purity, or your house will
lean toward the imperfect stones in the foundation; your
building will bulge, crack, decay, and fall down, and become
simply a heap of ruins that will write the history of ignorance
on the part of the architect and builder. The foundations of
life must be absolutely good, and we must have them perfect
before we proceed from the pelvis to judge and adjust other
organs of the abdomen.

THE LIVER.

The liver swings in a hammock formed of five ligamentous
ropes, attached to the spine and diaphragm, and with the
abdominal ends firmly fastened to the liver until they have sur-
rounded the whole organ and returned to the spine and dia-
phragm, making a swinging bed or hammock, or basket, to suit
the form and functions of this organ. Normality of this ham-
mock hi which the liver rests must be expected, or the reverse
of health predicted. This hammock is provided with the
necessary openings for the passage into the liver of blood
and other fluids necessary to the functioning process, that
should not be disturbed by the interference of blood-, nerve-,
and lymph-supplies. The spine must show mechanical cor-
rectness in all its bearings when inspected by the line, plumb,
and level of the osteopath's highest or best skill and his well-
trained mechanical genius, which should be of the highest men-
tal standards of anatomical, physiological, and chemical knowl-
edge. We believe that reason will bear us out that many,
if not all, of the so-called liver diseases come from hurts, jars,
jolts, temperature, and poisons. Should the hammock be cut
loose at any point of its attachments, the liver would suffer-
This can be illustrated by bringing forward the case of a lady
who is comfortably resting in a summer hammock, when some
additional weight is thrown upon the hammock, breaking the

THE ABDOMEN. 183

ropes of attachment and allowing the occupant to fall to the
ground, a distance or one or many feet. She is shocked, bruised,
and crippled the whole length of the spine, and probably suf-
fers injury to the abdominal viscera. It is reasonable to know
that the liver while in its hammock, doing the duties of its
office, must be allowed to do its work without disturbance.
The osteopath of average intelligence needs but little further
explanation to comprehend the dangers and diseases liable to
follow a disturbance of the liver while in this hammock, nest,
basket, or resting-place, prepared by Nature to hold this organ
while performing the duties which belong to it.

THE KIDNEYS.

The diseases of the kidneys are as follows:
Congestion of the kidney,
Acute parenchymatous nephritis,
Chronic parenchymatous nephritis,
Interstitial nephritis,
Amyloid kidney,
Pyelitis,
Acute uraemia,
Renal calculi,
Cystitis,
Movable kidney.

FIGHTING EFFECTS.

Before presenting the osteopathic opinion of the above
list of kidney diseases, with the remote and active causes of
their appearance as abnormalities, we will give the student
the benefit of the best up-to-date theory and classification of
diseases of the kidney. The very best authors on diseases of
the kidneys seem to be satisfied to know and combat the
effects of those diseases, and give only a little light on the cause.
We see this is the case with many writers, who simply classify

1 84 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

effects, such as changes of the urine from the normal to the
various conditions as found and reported by urinalysis. We
have an extensive description of the kidney, and know that
congestion and inflammation produce many bad results, but
we are not satisfied to proceed further without inquiring into
the causes that produce the effects. The first question that
arises according to the tenets of osteopathy is, Has the kidney
been responsible for the production of the causes of its own
destruction? If not, we must seek to discover a more satis-
factory explanation. Leaving the kidney for a time, we will
examine the structure and location of the ascending colon,
carefully examine the mesentery or the meso-cgecum, and
ascertain if the membrane or white muscle attached to the
bowels is long enough or elastic enough to allow the caecum to
descend into the pelvis to the perineum. If so, the hardened
faecal matter will become the irritating cause of disease by pull-
ing upon the spinal attachment of the mesentery just below
the kidneys. If the caecum has fallen into the pelvis, and the
sigmoid colon thrown from left to right in this region, would
it not compress the ileo-caecal valve and stop the passage of
faecal matter from the small intestine into the colon? By the
weight of this impacted faecal matter that has accumulated in
the ascending, the transverse, and descending colon, the ileo-
caecal valve is stopped and even the softer fluids are prevented
from entering the colon. We have in this a cause for irritation
of the pelvic organs and suspension of the flow of the fluids
of the pelvis, and the whole lower division of the abdomen
becomes filled up to the region of the renal system.

OUR BASIS.

We do not pretend to dispute the effects of the foregoing
list of special named kidney diseases, but the cause that has
produced those effects is what the osteopath must look for.

THE ABDOMEN. 185

Without a good knowledge of the cause or causes producing
those effects, we could not feel justified in offering any sugges-
tion in the treatment of those diseases, because of the general
failure in the treatment of kidney diseases by the best known
medical authorities. The dependence of the medical doctor
for the relief and recovery of his patient in renal diseases is all
in one common channel that is, drugs to suit such diseases
as listed under each name, notwithstanding all known drugs
have been a failure and the patient dies just as quickly with
them, and often more quickly than without them. I have
hinted at the possibility, the probability, and the certainty of
the large intestine settling down into the lower part of the
abdomen and pelvis, producing a partial or complete obstruc-
tion of the blood- and nerve-supply of that division of the body.
I believe that the intelligent student will argree with me that
ninety out of every hundred of the cases of renal diseases,
stomach diseases, and pancreatic diseases can be proven by
demonstration to have their origin in the condition of the
mesentery "of the ascending, transverse, and descending colon,
allowing it to stretch down low enough to cause the large and
small intestines to be responsible for the effects above enumer-
ated. I think right here is where the M.D.s have shown the
least sense of power of reasoning in relieving constipation, of
the real causes of which they are ignorant. The effects that go
on during this prolapsed condition of the bowels are plainly
seen. Any man with a fairly good anatomical knowledge will
decide, at once, that we have here a philosophy that is capable
of being sustained by its application. I think here are facts
that will make the advocates of medicine blush with shame
because they have never solved the question, neither have they
seen nor even thought of it, as shown by the best authors to
this day.

1 86 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

THE STOMACH.

Gas is formed in great quantities in the stomach, in the
small intestine, and in the colon. Gas is also formed in the
lungs. The gas that forms in the stomach and bowels is
formed from raw or crude materials that are taken into the
stomach as nourishment. The fact that gas is generated in the
whole alimentary canal is too well known to be questioned by
anyone. We know it to be a fact. We also know that the
whole canal from the mouth to the rectum is fully supplied
with secretory ducts, and that they secrete such substances as
are required for the metabolism of these parts. We know that
the bowels contain fluids and gases in great abundance, and it
is reasonable to suppose that Nature has an object in this work
of generating or first converting food into gas. We have no
evidence that an atom of flesh or bone that is found in the
body has not been reduced to gas, either in the bowels or lungs,
before it became blood. Our best microscopes fail to detect
the smallest atoms of flesh or hair, bones, and teeth. We have
such questions as this before us : Could the atoms of a hair be
reduced to such fine condition in any other way than through
the gaseous process? Astronomy claims that worlds are only
gas condensed from vapor to solids. If so, we see the work of
condensing done on a large scale to form a planet of eight, ten,
or one hundred thousand miles in diameter. Another question
arises : How is such a quantity of gas formed to make so large
a planet as Jupiter, sixty thousand miles in diameter? or Arc-
turus, seventy- two million miles in diameter? Gas seems to
be native to space, and how it is condensed is the question for
astronomers to solve. We will limit our study to man's sys-
tem only, and see how the gas-works in him form the fine sub-
stances found in his make-up. We speak of digestion, how
various fluids are compounded and the changes brought about
in the stomach and bowels, and how additions of pancreatic

THE ABDOMEN. 187

juice, gall, and so on produce a fluid that is taken up by the
absorbents of the mesentery and called chyme, chyle, and
lymph, and united with venous blood, and passed by way of the
vessels of the liver and on to a successful landing in the lungs.
There we find our eyes beholding this blood and lymph finished
and divided into two hundred million parts, with that number
of air-cells, to be converted into gas, the impurities separated
from the pure, the bad cast out and the good condensed to blood
and sent to the heart, to be sent out and appropriated as flesh,
to take its place in the body and do all the duties incumbent
on the economy of physical life. So far I think we are safe to
say that all evidence is favorable to the fact that bones, teeth,
muscles, tendons, nerves, blood-vessels, hair, and organs of the
body have had their origin from gas, and are only condensed
gas. Now, we as chemists of good health, to succeed in cur-
ing our patients, must keep the gas-making machinery in good
mechanical condition to do laboratory work, or we surely will
fail to cure or even relieve our patient.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF DIGESTION.

Digestion is food reduced to atoms of gas, both by chemical
union and animal heat. The stomach is a finely constructed
gas-retort. It begins the process of mixing food. At the time
of swallowing the first morsel of food, it forms gas very fast,
often faster than the secretions can take it up, and rifting of
wind begins in order to relieve the oppression of the stomach.
Evidently Nature would bring food to its highest purity to
make blood. Thus the demand would be imperative for the
reduction of all food to its lowest atoms, and as gas is that
degree of the atom, it would be reasonable that the machinery
to suit gas-making would be abundantly supplied in the body.
The task for the wise man is to find and locate the machinery
that does the work of converting the food into gas. As we

1 88 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

have located the stomach and proven that it begins the proc-
ess of gas-generating, we will follow the next step and begin
at the duodenum, where the partially mixed food passes out
of the stomach and receives gall, pancreatic juice, and other
chemicals. Here more gas is formed by chemical action in the
small intestine and passed into the mesentery from the bowels,
clear on to the ileo-caecal valve and on to the colon, the third
and last division of the intestinal apparatus, which reduces
substances to gas by stale fermentation and gives that gas to
the great sheets of mesentery attached to the bowels and sup-
plied with networks of lymphatics, whose work is to absorb
the atoms of nourishment from the colon and pass them on to
the thoracic duct and on to the liver, lungs, and heart. Thus
we recognize the importance of keeping the gas-making
machinery in good working order, by keeping out all kinks
and twists in any part or division of the mesentery and small
and large intestines. Is the machinery of the alimentary
canal all that belongs to the process of refining food previous to
its transformation into blood? No; we have another, and the
greatest gas-works of all, when we get to the lungs, which
receive the lymph almost in its pure state with the venous blood
for its highest refining process before it can go to the heart as
living blood. Thus we enter and close the whole process of
forming blood through the gas process of digestion, the only
reasonable method of getting bread into the condition of living
blood.

THE PROCESS OP DIGESTION BY ELECTRICITY.
Take a halt, reason, and answer this one question: Has
electricty any quality except force ? Does it simply move worlds
and such bodies as have form and motion? If a large tree is
torn to atoms by electricity, does electriciy do that powerful
work? Or does it cause an explosion of the elements found in
the tree? Digestion is my object of inquiry. Man eats and

THE ABDOMEN. 189

drinks of almost all birds, beasts, and reptiles. He masticates
until his teeth are all gone. He swallows hard chunks of beef
and other diets without mastication, with but little change
that is apparent in his health and strength. At this point I
will say that I am not satisfied with the explanations of our
physiologists on the subject of digestion. They tell us we
chew, swallow, and our food goes through many changes in the
stomach, and they stop after giving us a few Greek words,
such as osmosis, exosmosis, endosmosis, motion, get out, get in.
Back to my question : Have we not great reason to believe that
digestion is Nature's process of reaching matter that is to be
converted to the finest gaseous atoms before it can be formed
into blood? If that be true, surely our diets must be combus-
tible, and electricity causes the combustion and separation of
the atoms of substances eaten by man and beast.

CONSTIPATION OF THE BOWELS.

Gould says: "Constipation is a condition of the bowels
in which the bowels evacuate at long periods apart." This
gives the ordinary meaning of the word, but we must learn
more of the causes that produce the effect known as constipation.
As a disease it varies in degrees of severity. Some cases of
constipation run from two to fourteen days, and are not then
relieved without the use of purgatives, or the use of water with
or without compounds to soften the hard and dry faeces. A
halt has come ; the bowels have failed in their function ; the
power to pass out faecal matter is lost or overcome from some
cause. Irritation from hard and bulky accumulation sets up and
disturbs the nervous system, fever follows, backache, headache,
and general abdominal disturbances come on, with various
annoyances, such as piles, kidney troubles, bladder and womb
diseases, womb, rectum, ovarian, and abdominal tumors, en-
larged and cancerous liver, gall-stones, bladder-stones, sour

190 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES O* OSTEOPATHY.

stomach, loss of appetite, flatulency, congestion of the spleen
and pancreas, stopping the normality in all organs of the
abdomen and pelvis, until the heart and lungs are reached in
the progressive effects of constipation. All these effects come
with constipation. But the cause of all this trouble from the
bowels not acting normally has not been shown to the student
by the writers on disease. The fascia, mesentery, and peri-
toneum have not been reported on as causes, while being held
in an irritable strain by the large bowels being out of their nor-
mal places, by having been forced into the pelvic cavity. This
pressure across the abdomen when the bowels are full of faecal
matter pushes the caecum down to the pelvic floor and forces
it to stay there by the size and weight of the sigmoid colon. It
closes the entry from the ileum to the caecum, and cuts off the
chances of the small intestine to supply the colon with water
and other fluids, to keep the faecal matter soft enough to be
forced through the colon and out of the body.

THE TREATMENT OF CONSTIPATION.

The general understanding of constipation as taught and
practiced through all these ages has been that there is much or
some faecal matter detained in the large intestine, beginning
with the caecum, ascending, transverse, and descending colon
to the rectum. It also means that faecal matter from some
cause becomes hard and dry and accumulates in the large bowel
because it is too dry ; that the mucous membrane has lost its
power of furnishing the fluids necessary to force the passage of
the albuminous substances by removing friction between the
faecal body and the membranes of the inner surface of the
bowels. It is a reasonable proposition that it would take more
force to push a dry body over a dry place than it would to push
a moist body over a well-lubricated surface. A question arises :
From what part of the body does this faecal lubricating sub-

THB ABDOMEN. IQI

stance come? If from the colon, evidently it would furnish
this fluid, lubricate the faecal matter, and peristaltic action
would easily pass the substance on and out through the whole
channel of the colon from the caecum through to the rectum.
We are told that the colon does not furnish enough lubricating
fluid for this purpose ; therefore we will seek for a more abund-
ant supply from some other source, which would take us back,
with our anatomical and physiological knowledge, to the pan-
creas. We will halt at the duodenum, to examine the gate
through which this fluid passes. If an obstruction is at this
point in the form of thickened membranes, gall-stones, or any
other bulky substances that would shut off the pancreatic duct
by stricture or interference, we should proceed at once to
remove the obstructing cause that prohibits the free entry of the
pancreatic juice. If constipation should resist all ordinary
methods of relief, with a good supply of pancreatic juice in the
small intestine, we should inspect every inch from the duo-
denum to the ileo-caecal valve, with the view of finding the
obstruction. At this point is the union or entry of the small
intestine into the colon, a point about two or three inches above
the rounded end of that part of the colon known as the caecum.
We are very likely to find the obstruction at the ileo-caecal
valve, the terminal of the small bowel, with the caecum fallen
and forced into the pelvis from the right iliac fossa. This
would destroy the ability of the small intestine to pass this
fluid to the colon and lubricate the large intestine with the
pancreatic fluids. Then, as mechanics of osteopathy, we will
take the knee-and-chest position, place the hands upon the
abdomen, draw the caecum out of the pelvis, and give exit to the
pancreatic juice from the small to the large intestine, because
we have found the cause of obstruction and know the remedy
to be applied. When the caecum is drawn from the pelvis and
the ascending colon is brought back to its normal position in

IQ2 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

the right iliac fossa, with the rounded end about level with the
symphysis, we can expect the ileo-csecal valve to give passage
to the fluids detained in the small intestine and discharge them
freely. The fluids of the small intestine should be forwarded
through the ileo-caecal valve in order to keep the contents of
the colon in a soft and movable condition, a condition in which
peristaltic action is able to keep the faecal .matter in constant
motion. We thus have a known cause for constipation, which
is simply a failure of the fluids of the small intestine to enter
the large. When the liquid substances have passed from the
small to the large intestine through the ileo-caecal valve, then
we can expect a commotion, a colicky feeling throughout the
whole extent of the colon, because of the addition of the fluids
coming from the small bowel, which are forced into the large
intestine and greatly increase the bulk already occupying the
large intestine. This bulk is increased in size by the soft fluids
dissolving the harder. In that condition there is need that the
ascending colon be normal, that the transverse colon have its
proper position, and that all parts to the point of descent and
through the sigmoid division be absolutely normal.

In the treatment, carefully, while in the knee-and-chest
position, with gentle pressure in the vicinity of the symphysis,
give a gliding move up toward the left kidney, follow the trans-
verse colon, raise any sagging that may be found in that divi-
sion with a gentle upward move, without any gouging of the
fingers, and raise the whole alimentary system up toward the
umbilicus. Should there be very much colicky feeling, gently
lift the bowels from the rectum back through the sigmoid
division and descending division of the colon, clear back to the
ileo-caecal valve. Be careful not to let the caecum fall back into
the pelvis, to the condition that would shut off the ileo-caecal
valve and prohibit the continuous flow of the soft fluids into
the colon. This is a successful method to unload the colon

THE ABDOMEN. 193

from the caecum to the rectum if there be twists, kinks, tel-
escoping, adhesions to the bowels, or stoppage at the ileo-caecal
valve by gall-stones or hard foreign substances that may have
been swallowed. First raise the caecum from the pelvis to its
normal position, then the transverse colon that may have fal-
len ; also correct the left division to the sigmoid, which becomes
an obstruction when it falls into the pelvis. I say at this point
that the folds of the meso-caecum, meso-transversalis, and the
meso-colon can generally be easily readjusted. Twists, kinks,
and various obstructions to the passage of the fluids through
the colon can be overcome and the obstruction cease to exist,
and the normal action of the bowels brought about.

SKILL NECESSARY.

I have given the student a general rule of procedure in
cases of constipation, with the expectation that he will use
some intellectual skill as he proceeds. The effects following
the condition of the colon just described by the suspension of
fluids from the small intestine, producing the class of mechan-
ical irritations that accompany the impacted colon, will be
given under the proper heading and place, diseases of the rec-
tum, bladder, womb, kidneys, stomach, bowels, liver, pancreas,
spleen, mesentery, and glands of the abdomen.

CHAPTER IX.

The Pelvis.

DISEASES OF THE BLADDER.

When we take up the diseases of an organ or vessel, such
as the bladder, we must reason how such a part is made, by
tracing out its nerve- and blood-supply. This being the case,
we will go back to the first appearance of the bladder in the
babe. We find the bladder to be a part of the peritoneum,
or formed of the peritoneum. Then we go to the blood- and
nerve-supply of the peritoneum, and look there for defects,
because the failure to keep the system normal would naturally
be found in the blood- and nerve-supply that give supply and
force to the bladder. Thus the two supplies, blood and nerve,
must be normal, or disease will show in the bladder, kidneys,
and all organs of the body.

The nerve-supply of the bladder is from the third and
fourth sacral, and also the hypogastric plexus of the sympa-
thetic. The arteries are the superior and inferior vesical, and in
the female the uterine artery also. The veins are the radicals
of the internal iliac.

THE RECTUM.

It is my object at this point, in seeking further causes
for the diseases of the abdomen, to make another beginning-
point, with the rectum, which presents various kinds of
diseases. We have congestion, inflammation, ulceration,
cancer, prolapse, piles, constricture, inversion, and dilatation

THE PELVIS. 195

-following an interference of the nerve-power of the muscles of
the anus, which fail to contract with force sufficient to keep
the bowels in their normal position. Outside of the effects of
poisonous substances that have removed the mucous mem-
brane either by injection of such substances into the bowels
or administered by way of the mouth I say, outside of the
poisonous effects of the drugs, we have inflammation, ulcera-
tion, and so-called cancerous formations.

BLOOD- AND NERVE-SUPPLY.

We know from our anatomical knowledge that the lower
bowel receives its blood-supply from the superior and inferior
hemorrhoidal arteries. The nerve-supply governing arterial
and venous circulation and lymphatics of this portion of the
alimentary tract comes from the pelvic plexus. Neither the
blood-supply nor nerve-force should be disturbed or suspended
by mechanical or from other cause that would produce paralysis
of the vessels or nerves while in receipt or discharge of the fluids
intended to keep the rectum in a perfectly normal condition.
When we investigate the blood- and nerve-force which has suf-
ered a local suspension, we have two truths before us seeking
our acquaintance. One is the blood- and nerve-supply, the other
is the nerve-force and blood in return action. The one governs
the arterial supply, the other the veins and excretories or drain-
age. We are not justified in saying or thinking that we have
given a wisely constructed or judicious opinion, and omit the
most careful inspection with the eye, to detect any and all varia-
tions from the perfect mechanical condition. Undisturbed rela-
tions must exist in this part of the machinery, whose business it is
to receive blood and construct and purify to the last atom every
muscle, vein, and artery, even of the nerve itself. As we have
found an unhealthy condition of the rectum, or that part of
the bowel whose location is confined to the pelvis, it is wisdom

196 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

to seek an acquaintance with mechanical causes that obstruct
the flow of blood- and nerve-forces to and from the lowest parts
of the rectum. At this point of exploration, we will consider
the pelvic chamber as a cup or tub-shaped chamber, larger at
the top than at the bottom. We must see and know that no
infringement on this territory exists by the unnatural occu-
pancy of this tub-shaped vessel by the caecum, which, as we
have shown, is often driven into the pelvis by strains and jolts,
and very often by the use of powerful purgatives, also follow-
ing efforts to liberate the bowel from faecal matter or any
chemical or irritating substances. If we find the caecum in a
woman, by digital examination, occupying the pelvis, a condi-
tion easily discovered through the vaginal wall, we have dis-
covered one cause of pressure. When the mesentery has been
pulled down by cross-pressure of heavy weights on the abdo-
men, the caecum can be, has been, and will be pushed clear
down into the pelvic chamber to the perineum, which your
knowedge of anatomy guarantees to be a correct conclusion
as to the abnormal position of that division of the colon. This
knowledge should be sought at all times and under all circum-
stances, when we have diseases of the rectum and their remote
and immediate causes for consideration. Let us follow the
fact that when the caecum has descended into the pelvis, it pulls
heavily on the transverse colon, and it also irritates the nerv-
ous system of the abdomen. In this condition, that division
of the colon known as the sigmoid flexure can be thrown from
its normal position in the left iliac fossa to the right, with
the whole train ditched and piled up in the pelvis. A person
of very superficial anatomical knowledge would know that the
colon was badly ditched, when the wreck-train of inspection
is put into active operation. We use the very common and
well-known term "ditched," because our patient's bowels are
ditched, and badly ditched, and we are expected to straighten

THE PELVIS. 197

the track and replace every car; otherwise we are worse than
failures. Our patient will die a death that should be charged
to our anatomical stupidity when we pose as skillful osteo-
pathic mechanics.

THE UTERUS.

We will introduce the subject of diseases peculiar to woman
by drawing memory to her organs which become temporarily
deranged before she feels that she must call in skilled help. Let
us open the subject with a few questions of vital importance in
the search for facts that will support a positively correct diag-
nosis, before we offer our services in her behalf with the hope
of a cure, or before we will even make an effort to give her
temporary or permanent relief. To assist the student in a
cautious hunt and correct decision on the course to pursue to
obtain such results, we will go to her abdominal house and
see how it is furnished, and discover for what each part is
intended, what it performs, and how, where, and through what
blood-vessels supplies are delivered to keep each part normal
in all particulars. Can an organ be normal and be starved?
Can an organ be normal and be twisted, when it is naturally
straight? Can an organ be normal and another organ prohibit
the blood from coming to nourish that organ, to keep it strong
and active, that it can do its own part and assist other organs
when one depends much or little on the other for assistance?
Can an organ do its part with other organs pressing on it too
heavily? I have asked a few questions pertaining to organic
action and life, because Nature is a school of questions and
answers, which seems to be the only school in which man learns
anything. This being true, we will make a list of woman's
abdominal furniture and its location in the abdominal house.
I need not give a list of the names, locations, and functions of
the abdominal organs, because I think you know these; but I

198 PHILOSOPHY ANt> PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

will give the list, or nearly so, to keep them before your eye and
assist you in recognizing the confusion that would make a
tumor, leucorrhoea, cancers, etc., targets for allopathy to shoot
at with speculum, probe, and caustic. We will begin above or
at the upper beginning of the abdominal wall, the diaphragm.
It is the dividing sheet or strong muscular wall suspended across
the body at the lower end of the chest, separating the chest
organs above from the abdominal organs below. Above this
wall, we find the lungs and heart. Below, we find the pancreas,
spleen, liver, kidneys, uterus, bladder, the stomach, and bow-
els, both great and small. We find the aorta, vena cava, and
their branches, running to and from each organ, all from the
one artery. Then we see the organs drained by the vena cava
and its tributaries. You see that the supply and drainage of
all the organs below the diaphragm is a complete system, which
shows great and perfect wisdom in the plan and purpose for
which it was formed and placed in position, to do the separate
and combined work of the abdominal host. When all do a
perfect work, nothing but health can be shown as a result. No
disease can possibly come to any of these organs while supply
and drainage are absolutely perfect.

EFFECTS OF WOUNDS.

At this time we will change our point of observation and
note a few effects of wounds inflicted upon any organ located
in the abdomen. A congestion following changes of weather
from hot to cold, dry to wet or damp, is a wound. The severity
of the shock is shown by its effects on the organs, womb, blad-
der, and others, by soreness of the abdomen or tenderness, a
feeling of weight in the pelvis followed sooner or later by blad-
der trouble, with a desire to pass water too often, followed
by itching of the external parts of the vulva, and possibly

THE PELVIS. 199

hemorrhage. In young women, stopped flow, followed by
monthly flooding, ulcers of the womb, polypi, headache, heart
trouble, fits, insanity, cancer of the womb, prolapsus, and the
growth of tumors, and so on to a long list of female troubles,
any and all are possibilities from an injury to the womb that
was hurt in-a fall, strain, jar, or shock produced by change of
clothing or by atmospheric variations.

As this is not a medical school, it would not be supposed
that we would follow old-school teachings in giving relief. When
medical schools find a growth or ulcer, they hunt for knife and
caustic, cut and burn. You see at once that the theory is to
combat the effect, and not the cause. We cure these diseases
by subduing the cause that has produced such alarming effects
as angry ulcers, cancers, tumors, and all diseases that assail
woman. We must apply our mental and physical energies to
the place in the spine controlling the blood-supply sustaining
the life and health of the womb, the bladder, kidneys, liver,
spleen, pancreas, lymphatics, and all parts of abdominal life.
Otherwise we are at sea, with no compass to guide us. We
leave our patients in the clutches of the beasts of prey, to be cut
and slain by the heads and hands that lack knowledge of cause
and effect. Medical practitioners chop off and cut out tumors,
burn ulcers, and kill by the rule of cut and try, and hope for
good results when there is nothing good to hope for. When all
kinks are straightened out, giving the strong arm of Nature
full charge of the work of righting all wrongs and establishing
the normal, beyond which man knows nothing, then we can
reasonably hope for recovery.

TUMORS.

Tumors on the womb, by the old system, have been sim-
ply looked upon as dead weights that are injurious and of no use
to the woman, and the sooner such growths are cut off or burnt

206 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES Otf OSTEOPATHY.

out, the better for the woman. No doubt many growths, when
first seen by the surgeon, have gone so far into decay that to
remove is wise, and we, as osteopaths of good judgment, would
proceed to operate and do the best we could to prolong life by
removing any dead flesh whose fumes of decomposition would
cause disease by their poisonous effects. But all diseases of
the organs of the abdomen should have the wisest methods of
osteopathy exhausted before the knife is invited to take a part
in the effort to rescue the life of the patient. All have agreed
long since that tumors and issues mark a cut-off in an artery,
vein, or nerve. We are Americans, and have no time or pa-
tience to spend with theories that have no practical sense in
them, that we cannot use beneficially. If we have a duty to
perform, we want to know what that duty is. If it is to put
the organs of the abdomen in position and form to act, we want
to know it, and no "howevers" about it.

FROM HEALTH TO DISEASE.

I wish now to give a picture of a healthy woman from
childhood to womanhood, full of blood and full of life, quick
in motion, active in mind, able to answer and act to all the
functions of life. You must know what a healthy woman is
before you can think and act wisely with the woman who has
lost her health, say of her sight, hearing, affecting mind, face,
nose, jaw, mouth, tongue, throat, stomach, bowels, liver, kid-
neys, womb, bladder, vagina, heart, lungs, breasts, and all
parts of a perfect woman. It is a perfect woman I want to
present to your mind. The first thought of a successful osteo-
path is perfection, and he must place in mind perfection of
form and function of the woman and keep that picture bright
in his mind 's eye all the time, or he will be a failure as a gynae-
cologist all his days. Now let us begin with a little girl of five
summers. Generally at that age she is a perfect picture of

COI-U

PELVIS. 201

health, perfect in form and action. She has rosy cheeks,
sparkling eyes, and silken hair. She runs, jumps, climbs, laughs,
sings, and talks from morn till night, sleeps, eats, and is a per-
fect little machine of human life and action. Now she takes
her first change in life by entering the poorly ventilated school-
room. She is exposed to cold and contagions, sits on benches
from two to six hours each day, drags her feet through mud,
snow, and ice from six to nine months out of each year. She
has later added to her studies the changes from childhood to
womanhood. Much of the exercise that gave her brilliancy
as a child has been taken from her, and the active liberty that
kept rosy her cheeks and gladdened her life changes to inaction,
that weakens her whole body so much that she has lost the
power to throw off a cold or the effect of changes from hot to
cold, from wet to dry, and so on. Blood begins to circulate
sluggishly in the brain. She has headache. The spine tires
and she stoops forward, causing ribs to change position, closing
intercostal arteries the whole length of the chest, and she has a
heart under a great strain to force blood through the small
arteries that run between the ribs from the aorta. Soon we
hear of her as having heart trouble. With that organ disabled,
she is a subject for other failures, such as lung diseases, spinal
diseases, with all the resulting bad effects, as womb disease,
and so on to the full list that follows. We have hastily passed
through the life of the child to womanhood, and find that she
has changed from a healthy child and girl full of life and vigor
to a pitiable condition, sick and diseased all over. When we
examined her as a child, we found a good and powerful brain, a
healthy spinal cord, and all nerves full of life. As we stopped
to view the throat, larynx, pharynx, trachea, and oesophagus,
we found them perfectly healthy. A perfect glow of life was
absolutely manifest. We are so well pleased with the perfec-
tion of the form and workings of the parts of the machinery of

1/<, D0

202 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

a healthy girl that we conclude to stay in her body as an
explorer. We will camp near the heart and lungs, to us two of
the greatest wonders of the works of that unerring architect,
God. I want to emphasize God, and give to Him the intelli-
gence of a God, a God to be respected and followed to the let-
ter by the doctors of my school. I am talking to the few or
many who are not to be pitied for lack of brains to behold and
comprehend perfection in the unabused machinery of life, let
that abuse come from any causes whatsoever.

GYNAECOLOGY.

For fear the student will think I have forgotten my sub-
ject, the heart and lungs, I will ask him to refresh his mind on
those organs of life by a mental review of what he has been
carefully and extensively taught of those organs in descript-
ive and demonstrative anatomy. Your grade-cards report
that you have passed above 90 in both branches of anatomy,
also in chemistry, urinalysis, histology, physiology, and the
principles and practice of osteopathy. Honor bright, do you
think you merit the high scale that appears upon all your
cards? If you do, and have done your duty, you are ready to
hear me upon one of the most important branches taught hi
the American School of Osteopathy Gynaecology. Your stud-
ies thus far have taught you that the throat, heart, and lungs,
with all their attachments with parts of the machinery of life,
are and have been dependent on the brain for power, and on
the spinal cord for nerve-distribution. I will invite you to go
with me from the chest down through the diaphragm to this
young lady 's common organs of life and procreation. Let me
ask you to kindly refresh your mind upon the blood- and nerve-
supply of the diaphragm, that great, vital, active, and most
important wall of separation, situated between the bony chest
and fleshy abdomen. I say, " refresh your minds upon the blood-

THE PELVIS. 203

and nerve-supply of the diaphragm," because of its uses and
very important functional action upon the heart, lungs, and
all organs above and below the separating line which it marks.
It, too, with all the organs above, must be healthy in form and
action ; therefore all blood- and nerve-supply must be absolute.
If upon this examination we find the diaphragm worthy and
well qualified to do the duties incumbent upon it, we will pass
on and again pitch our tents, establishing ourselves upon the
highest pinnacle of mental observation possible, a philosopher's
constant ami when beginning his observations of the harmo-
nies of Nature in all its works. After thoroughly acquaint-
ing ourselves with the perfect works of Nature, we begin to
fortify our reason by disturbing some part or many parts of
the machine which has been doing perfect work. We will
bend a shaft, slip a pulley, break a cog, slack a belt, throw dirt,
sand, ashes, alkali, or any disturbing substance upon the jour-
nals, in the boxes, or any place that will produce a known
variation from perfect normality of the machine. We set it to
work again, and then compare the difference between the nor-
mal and abnormal. Thus his philosophy has given him an
answer for both the normal and the abnormal, without which
truth no philosopher can afford to commit philosophical sui-
cide. Since we have seen the harmony that prevails below
the diaphragm, we cannot do justice to the student and fail to
examine the functions of those organs. We ask you at least
to mentally run over the organs from your knowledge of anat-
omy. Now make yourself a child of inquiry and a student of
Nature. Turn your eyes upon the pancreas, which lies just
below the diaphragm, and rehearse mentally or aloud its blood-
supply and its nerve-supply. Ask such questions as these : Why
has all this deposit of fat been placed at so important a center?
Is it possible that an oily compound is prepared in this little
laboratory of animal chemistry and conducted to the liver to

2O4 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

be mixed with chalk and other substances to prevent association
of such substances to the dangerous degree of gall-stones? If
so, a great duty falls upon us, to see to it that no disturbing
causes appear that would damagingly affect the functioning of
the pancreas. My eyes seem to settle next upon the liver,
which is pointed out by my anatomical and physiological com-
pass. Do you agree with me, or have you discovered greater
truths by longer and deeper observation of the chemical labo-
ratory beneath the diaphragm? Can we then afford to spend
a few days and train our telescopes and microscopes of highest
human skill upon the spleen, to observe the effect that would
follow a crippling of the functions of that organ? Have we a
functional derangement from nerve-disturbance that would
cause the lymphatics to reverse their action of construction
and throw albumin, fibrin, and watery fluids into the excre-
tory ducts and destroy life by an exhausting drainage? Then
we would be face to face with dyspepsia, dropsy, enlarged spleen,
engorged liver, cancer, gall-stones, skin eruptions, change of
color, constipation, inflammatory diseases, and ulceration of
the stomach, bowels, kidneys, and the uterus. If we have
observed the perfect, harmonious work of health, we are now
prepared to adjust the machinery of life by taking all embar-
rassments from blood- and nerve-supply that are caused or
could be caused by strains, jars, and nervous shocks or wounds
that are produced by change of season, climate, and physical
injuries of all kinds, be they great or small. Your work is
completed when you have adjusted the human body to the
degree of perfection in which the God of Nature left it. This is
the limit of your usefulness ; do your work well and you will get
the results sought. Never grow weary in well-doing; we have
proven that God is true. Drug systems have long since fallen
in the minds of both men and women who have tested all the
claims set forth and practiced by the medical schools of the

THE PELVIS. 205

world. If you have the ability to reason, you will be satisfied
with the claims of osteopathy.

THE IMPORTANCE OF A HEALTHY WOMB.
The womb as a healthy organ would be classed as one of
the most healthy organs of woman's system, because of the
fact that there is perfect rest in its life from the time of baby-
hood until about the age of fourteen. Previous to that no action
or growth in size or function is taking place, farther than the
organ is kept in existence by a system of small arteries and
nerves, microscopic in size until womanhood sets in. At the age
of about twelve or fourteen years activity for maternal function-
ing begins to develop its size, with all the glands and append-
ages necessary for maternal uses. All the time previous to
this period in her life, no growth has seemed to be necessary
and no change in quality or quantity of blood has had an
opportunity to cause disease. Thus no great changes could
occur while neither the blood- nor nerve-supply was changing
in quantity, motion, or quality. I have given a history of the
womb in girl-life when it was in the best of health, in order
to get a foundation from which to reason when we consider
the womb in its many conditions of disease, as in abnormal
discharges, ulcers, tumors, variations from its normal place
in health, cancers, wounds caused in childbirth by forceps,
retained monthlies, prolapse, sterility, menopause, inversion,
procidentia, etc.

DISEASES PECULIAR TO WOMAN.

What diseases does woman have that man does not have?
Such diseases as belong to the womb and its appendages. Be-
ginning with menses and on to pregnancy, delivery, care dur-
ing and after labor, then variations in the position ef the womb
from normal, I wish to present her in both the healthy and the
unhealthy condition. The osteopath, by his knowledge of

206 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES Otf OSTEOPATHY.

her anatomical form and physiological functioning, can easily
understand how and why she has changed from a healthy girl
to a diseased woman. He can see how she becomes the mother
of cancers, tumors, and deadly ulcers that spill her life-blood
and cause her frame to yield in death. We must prepare our-
selves for a very hard fight in her defense, or we will " lose out"
and prove our inability to successfully combat the enemy. We
must begin at her bones and know them, their uses and their
places ; then the binding ligaments of all the bones, and in par-
ticular her spine and pelvis. We must know them when nor-
mal, and qualify our hands, eyes, and reason to know when
and how to detect any slip of bone or muscle or ligament. We
must reason and search until we know what effect would be
produced on any organ of the chest or abdomen by an anterior,
posterior, or lateral change of the atlas, axis, or other bones of
the neck; what effect on the heart would follow the changed
position of a rib or vertebra from the first to the twelfth dor-
sal, the lumbar, sacrum, and innominates, because of a slip or
change from the normal. Would it send more or less blood to the
brain? The force would vary in proportion and allow the lungs
to suffer loss of power in purifying the blood, and then a failure
in the power of the heart would appear, and it would not be
able to perform its functions ; then a stagnation of blood would
appear in the liver, spleen, pancreas, and so on ad infinitum. As
a result, we would have disease from congestion and sluggish
action in the organs upon which a healthy womb has to
depend for its vitality and functioning in its part of the labo-
ratory of animal life. To be diseased, then, would be a natural
consequence. Since we have a weak heart to propel the blood,
a weak set of lungs to purify the blood, and the liver, spleen,
kidneys, and lymphatics filled with fluids other than healthy,
and slow in action from a feeble heart, we can expect a process
of active fermentation to set up and create from perverted

THE PEWTS. 207

fluids exciting substances that will annoy the nerves to abnor-
mal activities, causing fits, hysteria, insanity, growths, tumors,
sloughing and bleeding surfaces or ulcers of various cancerous
natures that whip up all the nervous forces of the heart to
drive the blood to repair the ulcerations ; but when that blood
arrives, it is poured out into space, because the blood -terminals
are sloughed off. Cancers of the womb and bladder are found
in their most malignant forms from causes above noted. The
next thing to do is to set out to find the causes that produced
those conditions. It matters not whether the cause is far
remote or in close proximity to the uterus ; we must find it, or
we will be found in the antediluvian tribe of speculum cranks
of all the blind female doctors' ages. We must stand true to
the light and reason of anatomy or join the mourners who wail
because their tricks are not now nor ever have been trumps
when battling for a woman's health under the old tree that
has nothing but woodpeckers' holes in its trunk and limbs.

NATURE OUR SCHOOL.

To-day is our day, Nature is our school, and we must go
by the pointings of the compass. We can never improve old
theories to the degree of truths. They are not based upon
facts. When we turn our eyes and look back for truths, back
from Nature, we only behold the dark clouds of dying theories,
without a single friend to mourn their loss. In osteopathy we
have the tree of life, and the living man in it. Our science sees
him, our science has proven him to be a living man, proven him
to be the work of a living God, a wise God, whose works are
alive and show wisdom in form and purposes. We must learn
that Nature means wisdom, means mental ability, means busi-
ness honesty, and we must not disobey its teachings. Nature
never made a philosopher. He made the man to learn and act.
Man can make of himself a philosopher or fool. The schools

208 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

of Nature are all open and free to him. He can learn the les-
sons and become wise if he obeys the teachers; otherwise he
learns little and his knowledge is of little use all his days. He
has missed his opportunities; he is mentally unprepared for
duties as a leader and as a teacher ; he is only a slave to a the-
oretical life. In him there is nothing that is really useful, more
than perhaps an ability to operate a bucksaw, and not even
good at that, because there is more practice in that operation
than theory. He fails for want of theories.

ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES.

In this talk on the diseases of woman, I think about the
best method would be to state or line up the diseases with which
she is most liable to be afflicted. In general forms, the woman
is just the same as man. They both have brains, spine, and
limbs, the same in form, location, and use. Both have heart,
lungs, diaphragm, pancreas, liver, spleen, stomach, bowels, and
kidneys. They are both the same, so far, anatomically. At
this point the explorer begins to notice a difference in the form
of muscles, nerve-supply, shape, and the functions of the gen-
erative organs. At this time a mental halt is called. The
mind finds that a new book opens to its view, and the student
begins to ponder and question for light. What design could
Nature have had in so wide a difference in the form and func-
tions of these organs? He answers that question as best he
may. With rapidity of thought and reason he then argues
that as they differ in form and function, they will show the
effect of diseases in a different manner from the organs com-
mon to both sexes, such as brain, heart, and lungs. The reader
comes to the conclusion that woman would be affected just
the same as man in all parts except in the generative system,
which is different from the man's. In man we find more kid-
ney diseases and inflammations of different kinds, the effects

THE PEXVIS. 209

of strains, lifts, falls, overwork, heat, cold, fevers of climate
and change of season. But we cannot reason that disease will
show the same effect on the general system of woman that is
shown in the man, when both are not alike in form and parts.
Undoubtedly reason has claimed our attention and forced us
to see and conclude that we must look for that which her make-
up points us to when she is sick. We know that disease is an
effect of some action that is abnormally producing it, and when
the normal chain is broken, we know that the brain obeys the
law of stimulants and narcotics. With no intention or expec-
tation to make an apology for the cause I have undertaken to
champion, I raise my flag in open view before the world with
the inscription in the blackest letters, " No Quarter!" for any
theory or practice that has no respect for a woman 's modesty,
no feeling whether she suffers much or little, is maimed for life,
lives or dies, so she can be inveigled into a hospital to receive
the torture of experimentation and death, or accidental recov-
ery, by the hands of stupidity that are flourished by the pres-
ent day gynaecologist, all for the amount of money that can be
extorted from husband, father, or friends. I do object most
emphatically to the every-day evidences of the bad teachings
of the present-day medical institutions. Our school wants none
of it. Our school has no use for its teachings. There is no
osteopathy in it, and less truth. In behalf of the tortured, both
living and dead, whose lives have been sacrificed boldly on the
altar of the present-day teachings in gynaecology, on behalf of
all womankind, I have raised the black flag of eternal ven-
geance upon the brutal system of obstetrics and the treatment
of woman's afflictions, from the school-girl up to the oldest
mothers and grandmothers. We want none of it taught, none
of it practiced in this school. This school was not created for
a slaughter-house, neither will it be tolerated as such by the
scrutinizing eyes of the board of trustees. The suggestions of

210 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

anatomy and physiology must be learned, must be taught, and
must be practiced; then peace and harmony will prevail. My
mother shall not be slaughtered; my wife shall not be butch-
ered, nor my daughter stripped and exposed

OUR INSTRUMENTS.

An osteopath who knows his business has no use for a spec-
ulum, no use for a steel spindle or sound in the treatment of
female diseases. Once in a thousand tunes the accoucheur's
forceps may be admitted in case of pelvic deformity. Explo-
rations and treatments by the osteopath who is worthy of the
title D.O. should deliver nine hundred and ninety-nine chil-
dren out of one thousand with no instrument but his hands;
otherwise he is not fit to be trusted with birth of child and care
of mother and offspring. It is not only a request and demand,
but an order to be remembered, that osteopathy as a science
is wholly independent of all other theories. Our works must
show improvement or stop. Osteopathic truths can be taught,
demonstrated, and practiced successfully and satisfactorily,
and explained in words of the American language. Don 't look
for others. Remember that at the end of four hundred years
we have had selected and compiled in our dictionaries upwards
of one hundred and fourteen thousand choice words for our
use. We contend that they have a place in our finest litera-
ture, equal to the best in the world. We can give the very best
instruction with their use, and it is the object of our school to
teach and practice the skilled arts of all branches with and
through the words of our own language. We are not here to
make a show of scholarship with words taken from the tongues
of the antediluvian world. We are here to call a horse a horse,
to demonstrate what we assert, and leave the results to be
accepted or rejected by men and women who can and will think
in the words of our own blessed language. An American should
be proud of his country for having selected and compiled from

THE PELVIS. 211

the tongues of the world a sufficiency of words and phrases not
equalled by any other tongue spoken now or in the days of the
past. Cut out your Greek and Latin. " Talk United States."

THE MACHINE GIVES OUT.

Does the woman get sick? Yes. Why and how does she
get sick? Because she is a machine made for life's purposes,
and that machinery gives out by wear and abusive care, or lack
of knowing how to care for it. What parts are the most liable
to get out of good operative conditions? One part is no more
liable to get out of working order than any other. Is the womb
more liable to become disabled than other parts? No; because
it was made to do its work and no more. It has, occasionally,
long-time jobs to do, which it must stay with and superintend
for nine or ten months. Other organs have to feed the womb
to order and on time while in this service or contract job. It
is like a vessel of the sea after returning from a long voyage ; it
has to report a very rough trip from start to return. When
the ship goes in for inspection and repairs, she is dry-docked
or raised out of the water, so that the master ship-builder can
see her, learn how storms affected her hull, engine, boiler, and
through a complete course of inspection, ocular, historical, and
otherwise. He hands in his report: "She is not seaworthy.
I find that all parts have suffered strains about equally, and it
is a wonder that she has made the last trip when all parts have
suffered almost to collapse. I have to report as inspector that
a complete overhauling, leveling and plumbing, and rest for
the crew is necessary, or another such voyage will mark a lost
vessel."

EXAMINATION.

I have tried to tell the student that to do justice to gynae-
cological service, he must be a workhand in the navy-yard of
life, and must examine the whole vessel when she comes to the

212 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

dock for repairs. It is not necessary to look at the bottom of
the ship all the time. Look at all parts with equal energy.
Go over the hull and see if holes or cracks let water come into
the hull. Don't do anything to her till the doctor says, ' ' Endos-
mosis." Go to the boiler, and if you find a leakage of steam,
lay down your hammer and rivets until the master mechanic
says, "This is a bad case of exosmosis." Then be careful to
wait until the chief boss says, " Osmosis." Then go to work,
for osmosis or action is what is needed on the ship. You need
Greek words, a Yankee hammer, a Dutch pipe, and sense enough
to know that vessels get strained all over and all parts need
careful attention, before you go to work to put all in good sea-
worthy shape, previous to her discharge out of dry-dock for
another voyage. All combinations for the purpose of giving
motion to this vessel must first be known, with instructions of
how much repair is needed, before the subordinate workman
is supposed to proceed with the work of repairs. After this
wise precaution, the skilled workman has no difficulty in know-
ing and doing the duties incumbent upon him. As no two
vessels are likely to show the same effect from injuries received
in storms, the important answer appears that no book of
instructions can be writen by the wisest mechanic so perfectly
as to reach the condition of any vessel that comes into the dock
for inspection and repairs. One vessel may bump its bow
against a large cake of ice, a stone, or another vessel, strain-
ing every bolt and the whole vessel from top to bottom, length
and width, receiving a universal shock or strain. Another
vessel may strike a reef in a quartering position or any other
angle of contact. The result could not be expected to be the
same. If a boiler should blow out, a man-head or a steam-chest
explode, the result would be expected to t>e different from other
causes. Thus we behold effects, proceed to hunt the cause,
and repair according to the demands indicated by the discov-
ery of the cause that has produced the abnormality.

THE PELVIS. 213

I suppose we have no student who is worthy of a seat in
the third or fourth term who is so stupid as not to be able to
take up the woman and examine the surface of the body as an
inspector would examine the spine or main beam of the vessel.
He would see if that beam was stove up at either end from a
shock or fall sufficient to slip any member of the spinal column
from its true position, producing a bend or variation that would
cause a suspension of healthy nerve- or blood-supply where
force or nourishment were required to sustain the vital energy
of organs of life, of muscle and motion. As a woman is the ves-
sel that has come into port and gone into dry-dock for repairs,
it is supposed that before we will commence any repairing we
will carefully explore her spine, brain, lungs, heart, liver, and
kidneys, omitting no part, and know that there is not complete
harmony of action of all organs before we treat in a local way
a prolapsed or diseased womb. It would be very unphilosoph-
ical to begin at the womb with our treatment and hope for
good results, when the cause for its disability was at another
point or place of nerve- and blood-supply. Right here I want
to keep before you the arteries that nourish and supply the
womb, and the nerves of sensation, motion, and nutrition of
the organ, and the veins that convey the blood back to the
heart. A short review of anatomy and physiology will refresh
your minds on the important lessons on nerve- and blood-
supply of the uterus and its appendages. As time is important
to me and to you also, I will omit this minutiae. With a clear
comprehension of anatomy and physiology, abnormal growths
with their causes are easily comprehended. Bloody and other
wastings, with their causes, can easily be known and success-
fully relieved.

THE NORMAL AND ABNORMAL.

When we take up the diseases of woman as a subject of
thought, we must confine them to her form, and that form in its

214 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

most perfect condition. Then mentally we see a brain of perfect
action in all its performances. We see a spinal cord with its
army of life, all in motion, obeying all orders of a wonderful
government, with every officer at the head of his division,
repeating orders and having all work done to the finest rules of
perfection. We must view her as perfection in all her form,
her limbs all perfect for motion and their destined uses. Then
take a stand for a bird's-eye view of all parts of her body. See
that the liver, spleen, kidneys, and all internal organs are nor-
mal in size and place. Go to the bones of the spine and ribs,
see them and behold all as truly perfect. Then take a physio-
logical view and see the functioning of perfect life in the labo-
ratory of a perfect woman. We will take up the subject of her
abnormal condition with the view of discussing the causes that
have produced the changed condition of brain, lungs, heart,
liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, bowels, stomach, uterus, or
nervous system. If her brain, heart, lungs, and all her organs
have once been perfectly healthy and normal in all their func-
tionings, why have they failed, one at a time, in so many places,
that the body as a whole becomes a perfect wreck? Her brain
was once perfectly healthy, ready to execute all duties that
Nature required of it. The same was true of the lungs and all
the other organs. Why has this great change given her abnor-
mality in place of the harmony she at one time possessed? On
examination, a slight disturbance is found in the lung, a tick-
ling cough sets in and is continued with some gain in severity
as months go on. There is a little quivering of the heart, and
occasionally a lost beat in the pulse. Soon another disturb-
ance appears; pain in the region of the liver, also on the left
side in the region of the spleen. Then another break appears.
An irregularity of the appetite is complained of, her stomach
generates and throws off gas, and she looks pale and grows
weakly. Finally she has added to these troubles misery and

THE PELVIS. 215

cutting pains in the region of the kidneys. After a few weeks
or months in this condition, she reports that her monthlies are
not acting on regulaar time; that she suffers a great amount
of pain in the lower abdomen, with blood flowing until she can
scarcely walk. She consults a medical doctor, and he very
wisely tells her that she has a bad case of ovaritis; that the
leukocytes of the epithelial tissue of the vulva must be exam-
ined per vaginam with a speculum at once, and that he must be
quick about it. She is turned up^n the Sims position, then
on genupectoral position of exposure, and is told she must
undergo an operation. She is sent off to some doctor who
treats, cures, and kills, all for the dollars there are in it. The
doctor who sends her in for the operation in nine cases out of
ten gets one-half of the five hundred dollars. Then the min-
ister gets ten dollars as her " sky pilot." It is not necessary
to tell you this is true. You know that it is true. We want
no such sins placed to our credit when Gabriel calls for our
books.

TREATMENT.

The student asks the question, " How would you treat
womb troubles?" The osteopath of skill can easily give the
answer; he is trained to treat such troubles. The first step is
to open the back door and throw out your speculum, probes,
pessaries, syringes, dopes, and medicated cotton. Then begin
at the nerves that caused her the first little hacking cough, and
stay with an exploring eye and hand placed on the neck and
upper dorsal until the cut-off is found that stopped the normal
blood- and nerve-supply and caused constricture of the respir-
atory pipe from her mouth to her lungs. Make them take
their places. Then you are ready to drop the lungs and look
for the nerve- and blood-supply of the heart. Now you are
ready to give her liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, and lym-
phatics a visit, as an L explorer who has use for the most

2l6 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

exacting and most thorough study of the true physiological
perfection of the functions of the organs named. He has no
business with her womb until he has stopped and booked
practical knowledge at all points torn down by the disease that
began at the lungs and prepared the womb to fail to perform
its normal functions. I have just supposed a case, beginning
at the lungs with only a slight cough, and followed its progres-
sive effects from a simple cold through all the organs of the
body, and found them giving way, one at a time, in quick or
slow succession, until all were wounded or diseased, before the
womb succumbed and became alarmingly diseased. I have
tried to show you that the womb disease was only an effect,
and the cause of its weakness was due to organs that it
depended upon for health and strength. They had lost their
power to keep the womb well nourished; the womb itself was
not at fault in the cause of the disease. We have given you a
case of womb disease, a dangerous ulceration of mucous mem-
brane, to show the students how to hunt and find the begin-
ning or remote causes that the doctor should always have in
mind when he takes a case for treatment. Ever remember
that ulcers, tumors, leucorrhoea, hemorrhages, and delayed or
retained monthlies are all the results of preceding causes, that
affect the womb by contracting its outlet by a constant irri-
tation of the circular nerves of the os. This irritation may be
caused in bony alteration in the spine between the eighth dor-
sal vertebra and the coccyx. Defects of the spine and sacrum
in their articulations have caused strictures of the mouth of
the womb. An M.D. will tell her to get on his table, give her
Sims ' or some other pet position, and then, after exploring her
person, insert a speculum and push into the womb a pair of
dilating tongs, tearing the womb open. We have no use for
such indecent exposure or the stupid operator. We correct
articulations in the spine, bones of the pelvis, and organs of the

THE PELVIS. 217

abdomen, and take away by that method all irritation from
the constrictor nerves and the vaso-dilators We have no need
for tongs to let monthly fluids flow easily from the womb. You
must drop the tool idea. It is the breech-clout of the obsolete
past, and is only kept up by ignorance of what a woman is.

WHITES, LEUCORRHCEA.

A few sensible Americanized questions and answers, such
as: What is the disease you call leucorrhoea or whites? Why
do you call it leucorrhoea? Does leuco mean something that
is white ? Why do you give nothing but big names and leave
out causes? Why does she waste off or out that white com-
pound? Our old authors have never told us a word that
would point the student to the cause of such wasting of the
bread and meat of a woman 's life. Is not her blood the bread
and meat that sustain her life? If so, what effect would be
natural to take away her life support? How high up her back
and how low down on her sacrum will the student find
nodes or clusters o'f lymphatics, glands, blood-supply, fascia,
muscles, membranes, cells, secretions, and excretions, venous
drainage, and arterial supply? In a word, why are we sum-
moned to learn how to cure an affliction on whose cause you
can give us no light? As this is said to be a school of philos-
ophers, where is the philosophy you have to offer the anxious
seeker? When the pilot gets lost, then a committee of the
whole is formed and suggestions are in order, from all or any-
one. A new pilot is sought. Trouble is in the camp, a remedy
is demanded. The life of the old pilot will pay the penalty.
A mutiny is in all the camps. A Moses must be found to lead.
No old field-notes will suit for guides. We have followed them
to the letter. We are lost, and to follow farther will be suicidal.
"Nature's compass must guide us," is the report of the com-
mittee of the whole. Now let Moses tell what leucorrhoea is,
and its cure.

2l8 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

DROPSY.

The woman has dropsy to contend with. That does not
come from her lungs (a dropsical condition often comes in con-
sumption as a final wind-up). In case a patient with dropsical
swelling of body and limbs should come to you for examina-
tion, I would advise a careful one, beginning with the atlas.
Be very careful to know that it is true with the skull in all
positions. A slip of the odontoid process over the transverse
ligament would place the atlas on a lateral and downward
pressure on the lymphatic nerves just 'below the axis. A fail-
ure of the cellular action would follow, and lymphatic and cell-
ular membrane would retain water and other fluids in the lung
muscles and the heart and pleura. Thus a beginning is estab-
lished for general dropsy. Now follow up the process of crippling
other nerves below, to the full extent of the body and limbs.
A break of the articulations of the upper dorsal will cut off the
powers of all nerves of supply and drainage below the point of
broken perfection. Then you have a cause for enlargement of
the liver, spleen, kidneys, and all organs below the diaphragm.
The time to reason is the time when we are in prison, badly
treated, and want to get out. The time has come for all fairly
good thinkers to think themselves out of Osier, Byron Rob-
inson, Shaley, and all prisons of torture.

In speaking to students on the subject of the uterus, giv-
ing its abnormal conditions, such as tumors, cancers, and other
growths that change the uterus from the healthy to the un-
healthy, we presented first the normal, healthy uterus as a guide
to the knowledge of the differences between the healthy and
the unhealthy womb. The object of the doctor is to relieve
when employed to treat the abnormal uterus. He should at
all times hold the picture of the normal uterus before his mind,
as to form, size, and location, its blood- and nerve-supply. It
would, as I consider it, be quite useless to consume your time

THE PELVIS. 219

on descriptive anatomy at this point, farther than to say that
the blood-supply of this organ comes mainly from the ovarian,
internal pudic, and uterine arteries. We will simply mention
the sympathetic plexuses, with the lumbar, lower dorsal, and
sacral nerves in their relation to the uterus, constituting its
nerve-supply, and the importance of having the venous system
perfectly undisturbed, that it can easily pass the venous blood,
whose vitality has been exhausted while in the service, into
the vena cava through its ordinary route to the heart, previous
to being thrown into the lungs for final mixture with air and
lymph, at which place it receives the nutriment for new blood,
to be returned to the heart for general distribution. We are
in full view of two channels that become obstructed previous
to the growth of any tumor or malformation of the uterus, ova-
ries, Fallopian tubes, or any parts of this system. These two
channels in which the venous blood and the lymph can be
checked or stopped are known to us as the lymphatic and ven-
ous channels. How they are stopped in transit long enough to
do mischief with and in the vicinity of these organs is the ques-
tion that we must solve, or grope in the dark with no certainty
of good results in banishing the oppressive causes of uterine
deformities. We can reason that if we ligate a uterine arte^
we have cut off nutrition and the organ becomes atrophied or
shrunken. Then, on the other hand, if we stop the venous
return by ligation, either with a cord or compress, and have
left the arterial circulation undisturbed, the venous blood will
accumulate and unite with the lymph and become a nucleus
for tumors of various dimensions, which could not have had
existence had the blood- and nerve-systems not been disturbed
by being shut off

CAUSE OF UTERINE DISTURBANCES.

With this knowledge of the form and functions of the uter-
us and all that belongs to it, we are prepared to seek and know

220 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

the cause of uterine disturbances. A successful healing of the
uterus and its appendages depends wholly upon the nutriment
delivered by the artery, the drainage by the venous system,
and the unobstructed nerve-force necessary to normal uterine
health. Now let us proceed to hunt for the causes that would
interfere with the harmony of the blood- and nerve-systems of
the womb. Let us force the caecum, which is two or three
inches in diameter, into the pelvis down to the level with the
perineum, and drag the uterus down by the side of the rectum
in a position between the rectum and caecum. Pile the small
intestine and 'mesentery on top of the uterus when wedged
down into the pelvis in this position; then from the left side
bring the sigmoid colon with its contents on top of this heap;
then have a dropping toward the pelvis of the transverse colon.
You have a heavy strain on the mesentery of the descending
colon and transverse and caecum, all pointing and settling down
with their contents upon the uterus. We see at once a system
of ligation of all the uterine blood-vessels and nerves, except-
ing the uterine arteries, which continue to pump arterial blood
into the muscles and membranes of the uterus. Thus we have
a cause for unlimited growth, and we can expect tumors, and
would be very much disappointed if we did not find them. If
we wish to reduce the tumor, we must proceed to remove the
obstructing causes, with the expectation of relieving and
reducing the abnormal growths through natural channels of
drainage. One would say, ' ' How large a tumor can be reduced
by the natural drainage?" I cannot answer that question. I
have reduced a number whose diameter was from four to six
inches, without the use of the surgeon's knife. I am satisfied
that some tumors are not reducible, from the fact that they
.have passed the point of vital response before applying for a
osteopathic treatment.

THE PELVIS. 221

LESS HASTE WITH THE KNIFE.

Let me ask the surgeon of our gynaecological department
not to be too hasty in the use of the knife, when a supposed
tumor of the ovaries, uterus, or Fallopian tubes appears. Re-
member that life is very sacred and the responsibility is great,
and that wisdom is often cautious procrastination. We want
to know to a certainty that the only hope to save life is in the
use of the knife before we use it. We should prove by skill,
time, and patience that all the organs of the abdomen have
been adjusted and kept in their normal places, to do their full-
est and best work in carrying off all fluids that can be taken
away from the tumor by the excretories of the uterus and all its
appendages. The blood and lymph that is being delayed by
any ligatory cause must move on, be that in the mesentery,
omentum, or bowels, caused by having been twisted, folded,
or fallen into the pelvis by lifts, strains, or irritable effects of
drugs. We must remember that no tumor can form without
a cause, and that the cause is surely a break in the action of
one or more of the organ's nerves or blood-vessels. We know
that no tumor can be made from nothing, and we also know
that blood brings all the substances that are found in the make-
up of all tumors. We will reason that if we do not want it to
grow larger, we must know the blood-vessels that bring the
blood by which it is being built will go on until the blood stops
coming or passes away by the veins or excretories.

Make your diagnosis exhaustive before you are satisfied
that there is an abnormal growth in the vicinity of or on the
uterus. We should be very careful about it, from the fact that
faecal deposits in some divisions of the colon have the appear-
ance of a tumor, and these should be investigated before the
diagnosis is announced of a uterine tumor. Preparatory to
exploring for tumors of fleshy growths or deposits of faecal mat-
ter in the colon, we recommend placing the patient in the knee-

222 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

and-chest position, with the chest for ease and comfort resting
on a pillow, allowing the chin to hang over the head end of the
table. Pass the right hand across the body in the lumbar region
and under the abdomen to the right iliac fossa. Then place
the right hand flat upon the bowels from the pelvis, with the
left hand pressing gently on that part of the abdomen. Be
slow and gentle in all movements, for fear of bruising the cae-
cum, ileo-caecal valve, and the mesentery of that region. Make
a gentle, strong pressure upward toward the ribs with the
ascending colon. Follow across the abdomen from right to left,
in order to straighten up the transverse colon to its normal
position. Then lay the hand back toward the symphysis and
gently press the sigmoid division toward the stomach, with a
view to pulling that division of the colon and small intestine
out of the pelvis. Then, with both hands gently and firmly
pressed upon the anterior region of the abdomen, come up
toward the stomach with this gliding motion, with a view to
straightening the bowels, from the caecum to the transverse,
the descending and sigmoid division to the rectum. Also
adjust the mesentery in all its attachments both to the large and
small intestines, and give freedom to the ileo-caecal valve, that
the softening fluids may pass without delay into and through
the colon. By so doing, we set at liberty and give freedom to
the blood- and nerve-supply of the uterus, ovaries, and Fallo-
pian tubes. We also take all pressure off the nerves which gov-
ern the uterus and venous motion of blood from the pelvis and
through the whole uterine system of blood, nerves, and lym-
phatics, in the hope that proper reduction of uterine growths
may be the result following excretory action of the uterus and
its normal functioning process ; also that the hardening faeces
may be softened and passed out with the assistance of the
fluids penetrating the colon after being set free from the small
intestine after passing the ileo-caecal valve in the colon. This

THE PELVIS. 223

treatment should be followed every two or three days until the
abdominal viscera become normal in action and abnormal
bulks have passed away through the universal excretory sys-
tem of the abdomen, with all of which you are well acquainted
by your knowledge of anatomy and physiology. Don 't fail to
persevere in well-doing.

TUMEFACTION.

Webster's definition of "tumefaction" is: "To swell by
any fluids or solids being detained abnormally at any place in
the body."

The location may be in or on any part of the system. No
part is exempt. The brain, heart, lungs, liver, stomach and
bowels, bladder, kidneys, uterus, lymphatics, glands, nerves,
veins, arteries, skin, and all membranes are subject to swellings
locally or generally, and with equal certainty they perish and
shrink away. If either condition should exist, death to the
parts or all of the body will occur from want of nutrition ; for
instance, in lung fever, which begins when swelling is established
in the lymphatics of the lungs, trachea, nostrils, throat, and
face. We find the nerve-fibers compressed to such a degree
that they cannot operate the excretories of the lungs or any
part of the pulmonary system. The blood in veins is sus-
pended by irritation of the nerves, and arteries are excited to
fever heat with the increase of the tumefaction. A tumefying
condition undoubtedly marks the beginning of all catarrhal dis-
eases. Its ravages extend to diseases of the fall and winter
seasons. They are so marked on examination that the most
skeptical cannot dispute or doubt the truth of this position.

The medical doctor looks on, and treats winter diseases
with powerful purgatives, sweats, blisters, and uses hot and cold
applications with a view to removing congesting fluids. He is
not very certain which team of medical power he can depend
upon. He hitches up various kinds of drugs, hoping that a few

224 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

of them may be able to carry the burden. He bridles his horses
with opium, loads them down with purgative powders, and
whips them through with castor oil, and for fear they will not
travel fast enough, he uses as a spur a delicately formed instru-
ment know as the hypodermic syringe. He punches and
prods until his horses fall exhausted. Disease and death should
give him a large pension for the assistance he has rendered in
their service. All is guess-work, whose father and mother are
"tradition and ignorance." It is ignorance of the kind that is
wholly inexcusable to anyone but a medical doctor. An osteo-
path who does not understand the general law of tumefaction
is a failure because of the fact that tumefaction, disease, and
death are so plainly written on the face of all diseases that the
blind need not have eyes to see, nor the philosopher any brain
to enable him to know this foundation is the highest known
truth of all man's intellectual possessions. Thus, by the law of
tumefaction, death can and does succumb to its indomitable
will. Observation will show any fair-minded person that tume-
faction causes death in the majority of cases. But another
power is equally as effective in destruction of life, which is just
the reverse of tumefaction. It destroys by withholding nutri-
tion and all of the fluids, and the effect is starvation, shrinkage,
and death. Thus you see it is equally certain in results. In
the one case death ensues from an overplus of unappropriated
fluids of nutrition ; in the other there is no appropriation to sus-
tain animal life, and the patient dies from starvation. The
same law holds good in any part as well as in the whole body.

CHAPTER X.

Fevers.

WHAT ARE FEVERS?

Bilious fever, yellow fever, chills and fever, and every name
and grade of fevers are effects of interrupted or perverted
physiological functioning.

DRUGS A FAILURE.

With my fifty years of experience in treating disease in its
great multitude of forms, I feel that I am competent to speak
of the weakness of drug medication theories and the drug med-
ication training followed in the so-called "old schools of medi-
cine." I was a disciple of the "old school" for many years and
among its most faithful practitioners, until a better intelligence
and a better understanding of God 's provisions for the cure of
human ills in the body mechanism itself led me to sever the ties
that once held me blindly to drug medication.

Typhoid fever, bilious fever, yellow fever, scarlet fever,
mountain fever, hectic fever, and all other fevers known by
various names, are simply effects with different appearances;
but to seek and to know the cause or causes that produced the
effects has ever been lost sight of by the doctors of the "old
school." No attention, or very little, if any, has ever been
given to the parts of the body in a search for physical changes
that have caused unnatural conditions in functions. They
have been drilled in the faith that symptoms, well known, con-
stitute a sufficient wisdom with which to open the fight. The

226 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

drug physician finds some "heat" in the patient. He thinks
that if he learns how "hot" his patient is, he then is hi a
position prepared to open the combat. He feels for his ' ' pig-
tail thermometer," and lo! he finds that it has slipped through
a hole in his pocket and is lost. And the owner of the ther-
mometer is just as totally lost.

The M. D.'s training is largely limited to observation of
pulse and temperature. In the case of fever he has been loaded
up with the importance of finding out how "hot" his patient is
in the morning and how much hotter he gets at night, on through
the days as the disease grows older in days and weeks. He is
exhorted to keep a record of the degrees of heat, two, four, six,
twelve, and twenty-four hours apart, and keep a similar tab on
the pulse. He has been well drilled in the use of his unclean
thermometer that goes into the rectum, the vagina, under the
arm, and then into the mouth of a patient, but no thought is
given to the physical changes of form or the functions of the
affected organs of the body. Nor is the student of that school
shown the causes of the change in temperature and pulse. His
leading guides stick in their examinations and diagnosis to the
pulse. He pulls out his watch and times the beats of the heart
at 6 A. M., writes 83; at 6 p. M., 85; next day at 6 A. M., 84; at
night, 87; and so the record of gains or losses goes on.

He has learned to tell what his patient's temperature is
each day for a week; how much headache or limbache he has
had; how body- tired and how sore he has been; how thirsty
he was; how many tunes the bowels moved in twenty-four
hours; how yellow, brown, red, or furrowed the tongue has
been on the first, the fifth, seventh, ninth, and fifteenth days;
but he has never been told by his school that these symptoms
are only the effects and not the cause of disease.

"Now we have the symptoms, and we will put them all in
a row and name the disease," says the medical doctor. " We

FEVERS. 227

will call it typhoid, bilious, or by some other name before we
begin to treat it. Now that we have named it, we will run out
our munitions of war and pour in hot shot and shell at each
symptom." The command is given, "Throw into the enemy's
camp a large shell of purgative, marked 'hydrargyri chlo-
ridum mite.' " Then the order comes to stop that groaning
and those pains. "Fire a few shots into the arm with a hypo-
dermic syringe loaded with a grain of morphine," is the next
command. Then one might add, " I/ook at the pigtailum oftenum
and note the temperum till it reaches 106." But he is given
no idea of the cause of the trouble on which to reason.

AN ARRAY OF TRUTHS.

The above is given as an array of truths from start to fin-
ish. My object is to draw the mind of the student of osteop-
athy to the necessity of his thinking well as he reads books on
diseases written by medical authors. One of the requirements
of the old school, and one on which so much stress is laid, is the
knowledge of symptomatology by which they are first to name
the disease, the name to give them a foundation on which to
build the course of treatment by drugs. Their books gener-
ally begin by telling us that fever is an abnormal heat that
shows a degree of abnormality beginning at about 99 degrees
Fahrenheit, and often running to 105 and 106 degrees. These
effects are told and pointed out in detail, and if a certain amount
of symptoms are found in a case, that case must be called typhoid
fever and treated by the sacred rules laid down centuries ago
for the treatment of that disease. Still they tell us that "they
are self -limited diseases." Then they take up other fevers
whose symptoms are similar in so many respects that one is
puzzled to know what name to give the disease. He does
not find quite enough symptoms to warrant him in calling it
typhoid fever. Then he is at sea without a compass and is
to do the best he can, even though boat and crew may be lo*'

228 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

We are in the beginning of the twentieth century, and the
wisest doctors of all our schools and systems of the healing art
have said that typhoid fever is "a self -limited " disease, in the
treatment of which "drugs are a total failure." This, in sub-
stance is the conclusion of them all, excepting the most big-
oted, and we believe that the conclusion is an honest and a wise
one. The old-school physician is now saying, "Keep out the
drugs and bring in the nurses." And I will say, that they give
to the world no more light on any other fever, and no more hope
to succeed with drugs in the treatment of any other fever. I
believe that they have turned on their very best searchlights
and ploughed through every possible sea in their hunt for the
wise god of drugs, and all in vain.

I have been your leader for nearly thirty years, but I have
had no books to guide me excepting those on descriptive and
demonstrative anatomy, and those few in such crude form that
they only suggest the wondrous provision that the God of
Nature has placed in man with which to ward off or banish the
cause of disease, if man were only studious and would only learn
enough to detect the variations, and readjust the deviations
back to the normal. I have long since believed that an engin-
eer of the human body was the sick man's only hope, and to
become a competent engineer the student must become mas-
terly proficient in the knowledge of all the parts of that won-
derful machine and the functions of all its parts. Not only to
know the anatomical forms and positions of the parts, but to
thoroughly know the entire system, the head, neck, chest, abdo-
men, pelvis, and limbs, with each separate function, and all
functions in harmonious combination, free to perform their
work as Nature had planned for man's health and comfort.

BEGIN WITH FACTS.

When we reason for causes, we "iust begin with facts, and
hold them constantly in line. I : would be a good plan for you

FEVERS. 229

never to enter into a contest unless your saber is of the purest
steel of reason. With the best only can you cut your way to
the magazine of truth.

As we line up to learn something of the causes of fever, we
are met by heat, a living fact. Does that put the machinery
of your mind in motion? If not, what will arouse your men-
tal energy? You see that heat is not like cold. It is not
a horse with eyes, head, neck, body, limbs, and tail, but it is
as much of a being as a horse. It is a being of heat. If cause
made the horse and cause made the heat, why not devote
energy in seeking the cause of both?

Who says heat is not a union of the human gases with oxy-
gen and other substances as they pass out of the excretory sys-
tem? By what force do parts of the engine of life move? If
by the motor power of electricity, how fast must the heart or
life-current run to ignite the gases of the body and set a person
on fire to fever heat? If we know anything of the laws of elec-
tricity, we must know that velocity modulates its tempera-'
ture. Thus heat and cold are the effects. If we understand
anatomy as we should, we know man is the greatest engine
ever produced, complete in form, an electro-magnet, a motor
which would be incomplete if it could not burn its own gases.

ON FIRE.

When man is said to have fever, he is only "on fire" to
burn out the deadly gases which a perverted, abnormal lab-
oratory has allowed to accumulate by friction of the journals
of his body or in the supply of vital fluids. We are only com-
plete when normal in all parts; a true compass points to the
normal only.

When reasoning on the fever subject, would it not be rea-
sonable to suppose that the lowest perceptible grade of fever
requires a less additional physical energy to remove the cause

230 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

from the body, which at first would show a very light effect
upon the system, with an effect of simply an itching sensation?
Might not this effect come from obstructed gases that flow
through and from the skin? If gas should be retained in the
system by the excretory ducts, closing the porous system,
it would cause irritation of nerves and increase the heart's
action to such a degree that the temperature would be raised
to a fever heat by the velocity with which electricity is brought
into action. Electricity is the force that is naturally required
to contract muscles and force gases from the body.

Let us advance higher in the scale until we arrive at the
condition of steam, which is more dense than gas. Would it
not take more force to discharge it? By the same rule of rea-
soning we find water to be much thicker as an element than
either gas or steam.

Then we have lymph as another element, albumin, fibrin,
with all the elements found in arterial and venous blood, all
of which would require forces to circulate them, pass them
through and out of the system. Therefore we are brought to
the conclusion, that the different degrees of temperature mark
the density of the fluids with which the motor engine has to
contend. If gas produces an itching sensation, would it not
be reasonable to suppose that the consistence of lymph would
cause elevations on the skin, such as nettle-rash?

WE ARE LED ON.

If this method of reasoning sustains us thus far, why not
argue that albumin obstructed in the system of the fascia would
require a much greater force to put it through the skin? The
excretions of the body would cause a much greater heat to even
throw the albumin as far as the cuticle. Why not grant this
a cause of the disturbance of motor energy equal to measles?
Let us add to this albumin a quantity of fibrin. Have we not

FEVERS. 231

cause to expect the energy hereby required to be equal to the
nerve- and blood-energy found in smallpox? If this be true,
have we not a foundation on which to base the conclusion that
the difference in forces manifested is the resistance offered by
the differences in the consistency of devitalized fluids which
the nerves and fibers of the fascia are laboring to excrete?

By close observation the philosopher who is endeavoring
to acquaint himself with the laws of cause and effect finds upon
his voyage as an explorer that Nature acts for wise purposes,
and shows as much wisdom in the construction and prepara-
tion of all bodies, beings, and worlds as the workings of those
beings show when in action. As life, the highest known prin-
ciple sent forth by Nature to vivify, construct, and govern all
beings, it is expected to be the indweller and operator, and one
of the greatest perceivable and universal laws of Nature. When
it becomes necessary to break the friendly relation between
life and matter, Nature closes up the channels of supply. It
may begin its work near the heart, at the origin of the greatest
blood-vessels, or do its work at any point. It may. begin its
closing process at the extremities of the veins, or anywhere that
exhausted vital fluids may enter on their return to the heart
for renewal by union with new material.

As Nature is never satisfied with incompleteness in any-
thing, all interferences, from whatsoever cause, are sufficient
for Nature to call a halt and bring the necessary fluids, already
prepared in the chemical laboratory, to dissolve and wash away
all obstructing deposits, previous to beginning the work of re-
construction and the repair of the injured parts of the machin-
ery disabled by atmospheric changes, poisons, or otherwise.

PERFECTION IN NATURE.

When Nature renovates, it is never satisfied to leave any
obstruction in any part of the body. All the powers of its bat-

232 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

teries are brought into line for duty, and never stop short of
the completeness that ends in perfection. All seasons of the
year come and go, and we see, year in and year out, the per-
petual processes of construction of one class of bodies and the
passing away of others. Vegetation builds forests; cold builds
mountains of ice, later to be dissolved and sent into the ocean
to assist in purifying the water and keeping the brines from
drying to salt.

All the processes of earth-life must be in perpetual motion
to be kept in a healthy condition; otherwise the world would
wither and die and go to the tombs of space to join the funeral
procession of other dead worlds. All nature comes and goes
by the fiat of wisely adjusted laws. Read all the authors from
^sculapius to this date, and leave the inquirers without a single
fact as to the cause or causes of fever. One says fever may
come from too much carbon; another says chemical defects may
be the cause. I would like to agree with some of the good men
of our day or the ancient theorists if I could, but they, both
dead and alive, are a blank. Tons of paper have been covered
with them by conjectures, and closed with the words "perhaps"
and "however." All have explored for centuries for the cause
of fevers, and on the return from their voyages say: "We
hope some day to find the cause. We have done considerable
killing, experimenting, but have failed to find the cause of
fever."

DEGREES OF HEAT.

To think of fever, we think of animal heat. By habit
we want to know how great that heat is. We measure it with
a thermometer until we find we have 100 degrees, 102, 104, to
1 06 degrees. At this point we stop, as we find too much to
suit life, which we think cannot consume more than 106 degrees
of heat. We begin to ask for the substances that are more
powerful than fire. We try all known fire compounds and fail.

FEVERS. 233

The fire department has done faithful work, and has brought
all it could bring to bear on the fire. It had used stream after
stream of water, but the fire had ruined the house, with all its
inside and outside usefulness and beauties. Another and
another house gets on fire and burns as the first one did. All
are content to look at the ruins and say that it is the will of
the Lord, never thinking for a moment it was with the aid of
the heart that the brain burned up the body.

Of what use is a knowledge of anatomy to a man if he over-
looks cause and effect in the results obtained by the body ma-
chinery? He finds each part connected to all the others with
the wisdom that has given a set of plans and specifications that
are without a flaw or omission. The body generates its own
heat and modulates it to suit the climate and season. It can
generate heat through its electro-motor system far beyond the
normal, to the highest known fever heat, and is capable of mod-
ulations far below the normal. A knowledge of osteopathy
will prepare you to bring the system under the rulings of the
physical laws of life. Fever is electric heat only.

BOTH GUESS- WORK.

Semeiology is defined as, "The science of the signs or symp-
toms of disease." Symptomatology is defined as, " The doc-
trine of symptoms; that part of the science of medicine which
treats of the symptoms of disease. Semeiology." These defi-
nitions are from Webster's International Dictionary. Both
words represent that system of guess-work which is now and
has been used by medical practitioners as a method of ascer-
taining what disease is or might be. It is supposed to be the
best method known to date to classify or name diseases, after
which guessing begins in earnest. What kinds of poisons,
how much and how often to use them, and then guess how
much good or how much harm is being done to the sick person.

234 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

To illustrate more forcibly to the mind of the reader that
such a system, though honored by age, is only worthy the
term "guess-work," I will quote the following standard author-
ity on fevers:

POTTER'S DEFINITION OP FEVER.

"Fever is a condition in which there are present the phe-
nomena of rise of temperature, quickened circulation, marked
tissue change, and disordered secretions.

"The primary cause of the fever phenomena is still a moot-
ed question, and is either a disorder of the sympathetic nervous
system giving rise to disturbances of the vaso-motor filaments,
or a derangement of the nerve-centers located adjacent to
the corpus striatum, which have been found, by experiment,
to govern the processes of heat-production, distribution, and
dissipation.

"Rise of temperature is the pre-eminent feature of all
fevers, and can only be positively determined by the use of the
clinical thermometer. The term 'feverishness' is used when
the temperature ranges from 99 to 100 Fahrenheit; slight
fever if 100 or 101, moderate if 102 or 103, high if 104 or 105,
and intense if it exceed the latter. The term 'hyperpyrexia'
is used when the temperature shows a tendency to remain at
1 06 Fahrenheit and above.

" Quickened circulation is the rule in fevers, the frequency
usually maintaining a fair ratio with the increase of the tem-
perature. A rise of one degree Fahrenheit is usually attended
with an increase of eight to ten beats of the pulse per minute.

"The following table gives a fair comparison between
temperature and pulse :

FEVERS. 235

Table of Degrees.

A temperature of 98 Fahrenh. corresponds to a pulse of 60.
A temperature of 99 Fahrenh. corresponds to a pulse of 70.
A temperature of 100 Fahrenh. corresponds to a pulse of 80.
A temperature of 101 Fahrenh. corresponds to a pulse of 90.
A temperature of 102 Fahrenh. corresponds to a pulse of 100.
A temperature of 103 Fahrenh. corresponds to a pulse of no.
A temperature of 104 Fahrenh. corresponds to a pulse of 120.
A temperature of 105 Fahrenh. corresponds to a pulse of 130.
A temperature of 106 Fahrenh. corresponds to a pulse of 140.

"The tissue waste is marked in proportion to the severity
and duration of the febrile phenomena, being slight (or nil) in
febricula, and excessive in typhoid fever.

"The disordered secretions are manifested by the defi-
ciency in the salivary, gastric, intestinal, and nephritic secre-
tions, the tongue being furred, the mouth clammy, and there
occurring anorexia, thirst, constipation, and scanty, high-
colored acid urine."

What has the student found by reading the above defini-
tion of this standard author and representative of present med-
ical attainment but a labored effort to explain what that author
does not even know?

FEVERS ONLY 'EFFECTS.

Fevers are effects only. The cause may be far from mental
conclusions. If we have a house with one bell and ten wires,
each fastened to a door and running to the center, all having
connections and so arranged that to pull any one wire will set
the bell in motion, without an indicator you cannot tell which
wire is disturbed, producing the effect or ringing of the bell at
the center. An electrician would know at once the cause, but
to discriminate and locate the wire disturbed is the study.

Before a bell can be heard from any door, the general bat-
tery must be charged. Thus you see but one source of supply.

236 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

To better illustrate, we will take a house with eight rooms and
all supplied by one battery. One apartment is a reception-
room, one a parlor, one a sitting-room, one a bed-room, one a
cloak-room, one a dining-room, one a kitchen, and one a base-
ment room, all having wires and bells running to one bell
in the clerk 's office, which has an indicator for each room. If
the machinery is in good order, he can call or answer cor-
rectly every ring and never make a mistake. But should he
ring to the cook and her bell should keep on ringing and
they could not stop it, they would summon an electrician.
What would you think if he began at the parlor bell to adjust
a trouble of the kitchen bell? Surely you would not have him
treat the parlor bell first, because you know the trouble is with
the kitchen bell. Now, to apply this illustration, we will say a
system of bells and connecting wires run to all parts or rooms
of the body, from the battery of power or the brain. These
wires or nerves are connected with all active or vital parts of
the body. Thus arranged, we see that blood is driven to any
part of the system by the power that is sent over the nerves
from the brain to the spinal cord, and from there to all nerves
of each and all divisions of the body. Then blood that has
done its work in constructing parts or all of the system enters
veins to be returned to the heart for renewal. Each vein
has nerves as servants of power to force blood back to the
heart and constructed to suit the duties they have to perform
in the process of life. If the blood travels to the heart too
thick to suit the lungs, the great system of lymphatics pours in
water to suit the demands, preparatory to having the blood
enter the lungs to be purified and renewed. Nature has amply
prepared all the machinery and power to prepare material and
construct all parts, and when in normal condition the mind
and wisdom of God is satisfied that the machine will go on and
build and run according to the plans and specifications. If

FEVERS. 237

this be true, as Nature proves it to be at every point, what can
man do farther than line things up and trust to Nature to ge':
the results desired, "life and health"? Can we add or sugges
any improvement? If not, what is left for us to do is to keep
bells, batteries, and wires in their normal places and trust to
normal laws as given by Nature to do the rest.

RESULT OF STOPPAGE OF VEIN OR ARTERY.
A few questions remain to be asked by the philosophical
navigator when he sets sail to go to the cause of flux. Would
he go to the blood-supply? Certainly, there must be supply
previous to deposit. Reason would cause us to combine the
fact that blood must be in perpetual motion from and to the
heart during life, and that law is the fiat of all Nature, indis-
pensable and absolute. Blood must not stop its motion nor
be allowed to make abnormal deposits. The work of the heart
is complete if it delivers blood into the arteries. Each divi-
sion must then do its part fully as the normal heart does in
health, and a normally formed heart is just as much interested in
the blood that is running constantly for repairs and additions
as the whole system is hi the arteries of supply. You must
have perfection in the heart first, and from it to all arteries.
All hindrances must be kept away from the arteries, great and
small. Health permits of no stoppage of blood in either the
vein or artery. If an artery cannot unload its contents, a strain
follows, and, as an artery must have room to deposit its sup-
plies, it proceeds to build other vessels adjacent to the points
of obstruction.

FEVERS ARE FEVERS.

Fevers of the fall and summer season are neither hotter
nor colder than the fevers of whiter and spring. I speak thus
to impress on the student's mind that heat is heat at any season
of the year and is common to all diseases. In some diseases

238 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

heat is higher than in other diseases. We speak of bilious
fever, yellow fever, lung fever, and a long list of fevers, each
one bearing a special name as measured out by the little
books on symptomatology. All fail to show any difference
between the fevers of eruptions and the fevers of any other
disease, notwithstanding that much use is made of the hand-
thermometer to ascertain just how hot the afflicted person
gets. It matters little with an osteopath how hot or how
cold a patient gets, his object of observation being in another
direction, a direction that leads him to seek the cause of this
fermentation and boiling of the fluids in the body. Fluids
delayed in the blood-vessels, lymphatics, and excretories fer-
ment, and during the process of fermentation the temper-
ature naturally varies many degrees by the increased action
of electricity. It is reasonable to suppose that before fermen-
tation sets up its action it must have something to act upon,
and, as it acts only on stagnant blood, it must find this stag-
nant deposit either in the veins, arteries, lymphatics, or cell-
ular tissues of the organs, vessels, and other places for its
temporary sojourn. We are ready to explore any organ in the
thorax, abdomen, or pelvis, the lymphatics and glands of the
fascia, superficial and deep, or any membrane of the body.
In fevers we may expect to find congestion of the mesentery
and of the peritoneum generally, also of the nerves, blood-
vessels, and lymphatics of the fascia. We may expect and will
find deposits and resulting chemical action that will show its
energy by the degree of heat that is expressed by the touch of
the hand or the register of a thermometer. All conspire to
prove that heat is only an effect.

After being satisfied that there are no two kinds of heat,
then we will take up the search and go at it in a systematic
hunt, by exploring for abnormal variations in size and place of
any organ, muscle, skin, fascia, lymphatics, and blood-vessels

FEVERS. 239

of the pelvis, abdomen, chest, and neck, caused by local or
general congestion

Go TO THE SPINE.

A study of the nature of fevers leads us to the spine. We
must see that all openings from the base of the skull to the
lowest point of the sacrum are open and in good condition to
allow free action of all nerves issuing from the spinal cord and
giving force to membranes, organs, muscles, etc. If an organ
has an area allotted to its use, we must reason that it can do no
perfect work outside of that area. Each spine must be per-
fect in place and in articulation at each joint or a closure will
appear, oppressing and hindering the action of the lymph,
nerves, and blood-vessels. Thus we have blood and other sub-
stances stopped that should go on without delay to their proper
destination and uses. By a careful study of the perfect spinal
column and cord, and nerves and membranes holding organs
and vessels in place, we will see that the system is perfect in
bones, their shape, size, and place, with openings for passages
of blood-vessels and nerves. The motion of the spine to all
points is perfect and does not interfere with the blood- and
nerve-supply. To know the spinal column from beginning to
end is wisdom that we must have or fail. The student of anat-
omy knows that the flesh of the head, face, neck, and the whole
system is united to the bones, and that this union means duties
to be performed by the softer parts that are held in place or
position by the harder parts, for the process of functioning to
proceed. He also knows that the limit or space allotted to
many organs is small, and that very little variation from this
allotted position causes impingement upon other organs by
confused nerve-action, blood-supply, and removal of waste
matter through the excretory provisions. And the fact being
known that muscles are attached to bones, and that bones
articulate and have openings in them or between them for the

240 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

passage of different substances, then a student need not be sur-
prised, after the displacement of a bone occurs, to find thick-
enings appear in the air-passages of the nose or any part of
the lining membranes of the mouth, the tonsils, the tongue,
the throat, or the muscles, nerves, or glands of the windpipe,
right back of which he will find membranes, fascia, ligaments,
or mesentery to suit and complete the perfect attachment of the
tongue or any organ, or the lining membranes of the mouth,
tongue, or any membrane that has a bony attachment in the
upper part of the system. We must not omit the importance
that Nature has attached to the use of this great division in its
work in the economy of life. The student must remember
that he, at this point, enters an open door that will give him an
opportunity to behold a part of the laboratory of life. He
must know that all attachments in place must be perpetual;
also they must not be bruised, strained, or misplaced; other-
wise we have a diseased tongue, tonsil, epiglottis, thyroid
glands, submaxillary or other glands of the face, loss of hair,
sight, speech, the power of swallowing or hearing, and are left
in a condition for the encouragement of abnormal growths,
owing to perverted nerve- and blood-supply, which means,
with us, the artery to feed and the vein and excretories to con-
duct away that which is of no more vital use to an organ and its
territory. As the trachea, oesophagus, lungs, and heart all have
membranous attachments to the spine, we must remember that
the attachments must universally be undisturbed, absolutely.
Strains, jars, jolts, partial or complete, and dislocations of spine
or ribs may cause the heart and lungs by their own weight to
pull down and cause a heavy straining upon the membranes
that attach these organs to the spine, a fact undoubtedly pro-
ducing great interference with the sympathetic nervous sys-
tem and the spinal cord with its assisting nerve-fibers, govern-
ing and forcing the arterial blood from the aorta into the spinal
openings.

FEVERS. 241

CONGESTION, ETC.

Another cause that we will notice, other than surgical
injuries that pull down the mesentery, causing much variation
from the normal, is that of extremes in heat and cold, causing
stoppage of blood, lymph, water, and other fluids, which are
detained long enough to set up congestion, irritation, fermenta-
tion, inflammation, and sloughing into the thoracic, abdom-
inal, and pelvic cavities, and which should have been conducted
to the lungs or out of the body through the excretory system.
It is my object at the present time to insist upon the atten-
tion of the student to the very important fact that the mem-
branes which hold the organs of the body in place lengthen by
heat and contract by cold. This membrane we call the mes-
entery, the peritoneum, the fascia, muscular attachment, or any
other name we may select; but under all names these attach-
ments will stretch, and stretch downwardly by the law of grav-
itation, causing irritation and death by strangulation. They
will do this work of death by strangulation as certainly as the
hangman's rope. You must remember that no unhealthy
swing will be tolerated by the Master- Builder. I have endeav-
ored to give you a cause that produces disease of the pancreas,
spleen, stomach, liver, kidneys, bowels, and uterus, and it is
done by the pendulous pulling of the loaded bowels upon the
elastic membranous attachments to the spine You often
will see dropping of the ascending colon from the right iliac
fossa, which is the normal position of the base of the caecum.
You often have a lengthening of the mesentery that will allow
this caecum to fall from three to seven inches, disguise the ileo-
caecal valve, and conduct your patient to death by prohibiting
the softer fluids from passing through the ileo-caecal valve to
save the life of the patient, who is dying from hardened faecal
matter in the colon, from the caecum to any point above the
anus. The bad effects are almost innumerable that follow

242 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

malpositions of any organ, from the mouth to the anus, by their
membranous attachments giving way, often resulting in the
removal or change in position of organ after organ. This
removal and new position taken by an organ would easily
indicate the cause of many abnormal manifestations, such as
are known by the name of typhoid fever, dysentery, flux,
malposition of the uterus, malformation of the uterus, inflam-
mation of the kidneys, liver, bladder, and so on, to an unlim-
ited number of injurious effects that can all be reasoned out
and traced to mesenteric disturbances.

LOOK FOR LESIONS.

I have spoken of the membranes that connect the tongue,
trachea, oesophagus, lungs, and heart to the spine above the
diaphragm; also of the whole list of membranes that hold the
liver, spleen, and other organs of the abdomen in place. I have
drawn the attention of the student to the blood-, nerve-, and
lymph-supplies of the mesenteric systems of both the large and
small bowels, with general remarks on the mesentery of all
organs of the abdomen and their uses, hi order that the student
can have a direct method in seeking the causes that produce
abnormal conditions of any organ of the chest, abdomen, and
pelvis. Explore the spine for bony abnormalities at all points
that any organ receives nerve-supply from the spinal nerves.
Then pass to the abdomen for twists or folds of the mesentery
or any change of position of any of the organs. You may find
abnormalities in form and place of the bladder, uterus, bowels,
kidneys, liver> spleen, and other organs below the diaphragm,
that lead to disease and death by strangulation or suspension
of the fluids of the meso-system, all the way from the tongue to
the end of the sacrum. It is the connective tissue of the spine
that directly connects the omentum and mesentery to the spine
and other places of attachment to which we would like to point

FEVERS. 243

the attention of the student, because this connecting tissue is
the bridge that conducts the nerve-forces to the great omen-
turn and mesentery, generally, with their lymphatic vessels.
To the connections with the stomach, bowels, spleen, and
pancreas, we wish special attention given, and every point of
organic connection, clear back to the tonsils and Eustachian
tubes because we believe that inflammations of all membranes,
organs, and glands of the thorax receive their irritating shock
in the nerve-fibers as they pass from the sympathetic and spinal
cord to the organs, blood, lymph, and nerves of the chest. Irri-
tation by changes of temperature, shocks, jolts, and so on will
set up contracture and confusion of the receipt and discharge
of fluids or force designed to be passed through the membrane
to and from any organ hi the chest. This perpetual irritation
causes congestion, inflammation, and decomposition of fluids,
and can be accounted for by detention in the lymphatics of the
chest. The remedy is self -suggesting. The demand for a per-
fect spine and ribs, with all their connections and articulations,
is imperative, because the intercostal nerve- and blood-supply
must be normal, or disease will follow from stagnation of fluids.

SUMMER AND WINTER DISEASES.

I think one of the best methods to study acute diseases Is
by the seasons. We can not or do not have fall and winter dis-
eases during the spring and summer months, nor spring and
summer diseases during the fall and winter months. We will
save time and grow wiser in comprehension and good results
by cutting hay in the summer and killing hogs in the winter.
Still there is much similarity in diseases that rage during the
winter and spring to those of summer and fall. In the warm
weather we find more diseases of the bowels, liver, kidneys, and
brain. We have much congestion of brain, lungs, bowels, liver,
and spleen, following long exposure to sun heat. We have

244 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

very little summer diseases before July and August, when we
get the direct rays of the sun with its full magnetic powers.
We roast all day, work until we are afire with sun heat, and
then throw cold water into our stomachs, chilling nerve
and stopping blood-action by contracting arteries and veins.
With cold drinks much blood is chilled to death, and we then
have congestion of the circulation of all the abdominal organs,
chest, and brain. Then the fire of Nature begins to start up
to burn up or cremate its dead corpuscles. We say "fever"
in place of "fire." We should look on all heat as electricity
in motion. We should at all times, both winter and summer,
remember that we are attending funerals of dead blood and
other fluids. We are undertakers, and not life-makers. The
funeral procession may have enough dead corpuscles on its
train to leave the camp of life below self-defense.

Constriction and congestion govern and modify tempera-
ture. Cold universally causes stoppage of fluids by stricture
of nerves and muscles. A fever of any kind is preceded by
constricture, long enough to produce congestion and tumefac-
tion about the neck to a degree of irritation of the motor nerves,
which augments nerve-actipn to the degree of combustion,
always an accompaniment of electric action. In all fevers we
find the nerves and muscles of the neck very rigid, the blood-
circulation much disturbed. Previous to a chill we have
almost complete suspension of the venous flow from the brain,
a temporary paralysis of the vaso-motor. Following this cold
stage, action sets up in the motor nerves of the arterial circu-
lation and becomes very powerful, throwing the blood with a
velocity that indicates great friction all through the body from
center to surface. Thus we have cause to suspect electric
action to a very high degree, to a degree that would produce
combustion by friction. On this foundation ever remember
that heat and cold receive their orders from the neck.

FEVERS. 245

PEDIGREE OF FEVERS.

Typhoid fever, bilious fever, and chronic dysentery all
have their name. Each one of these fevers from an M.D.'s
standpoint has a pedigree that is sacredly kept in a little book
in the clerk's office. The name of this book is "Symptom-
atology." Each one of these fevers must have all the marks
noted in the pedigree-book or you are not safe to label it. One
is a Hereford, one is a Jersey, and one is a Polled Angus. Each
one of these cows has a pedigree in which is described the size,
weight, age, color, horns, eyes, udders, tails, legs, hoofs, spots,
neck, and all marks but one, which is the chemical cause in the
blood that makes the Polled Angus black, the Hereford red,
and the Jersey yellow. The little book does not tell you that
the Polled Angus, or typhoid fever of the winter, was caused
by blood being held too long below the diaphragm so that it
died ; or that the Jersey, or summer disease, came from the same
cause, but was born in warm weather, the blood being killed in
the veins of the abdomen. Osteopathy knows this, and knows
also that this truth is not in the old time-honored books of ped-
igree. The osteopath should not spend any time after the
patient has given him the history of the disease, except to hunt
for the cause, find it, and adjust the deformities, then wait a
few days and note effects. If good, keep on, with an eye to
guarding your patient against strains and jars that would cause
bones and ligaments to fall back to the condition that caused
the disease in the first place. Remember that the same cause
will produce the same effect, and you will have to do your work
over again unless care is taken long enough to let muscles get
strong and normal

MOST DREADED.

Typhoid fever is a disease much dreaded by all, because it
kills both young and old with equal certainty. It is dreaded

246 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

by the doctor just as much or more so than by the patient.
The best and oldest doctors have long since hung out a written
failure. The M.D. has used his best skill. He has failed to
cure or have any luck to encourage him in the thought that
he is following a system that is trustworthy. He, too, must
change his tactics or spend his days knowing that he is defeated
in all engagements with typhoid fever.

TEMPERATURE.

As temperature surely has much or all to do with phys-
ical force, we think a little reasoning on the subject would be
proper, at least as much as we can give it in the relations to
animal life, motion of blood and muscles. The blood keeps in
perpetual motion from and to the heart and through all organs
and parts of the body. One says it is nerve-force or energy,
and another says it is life-force that moves the blood, but how
is this force generated, and when and where is it made to act
as a blood-driving force? How is blood driven to the heart
and returned to the place from whence it started? We know
it leaves by the arteries and returns through the veins, but how
do the arteries drive out and the veins drive or force the blood
to return to the heart? What is the probable cause that gives
this almost perpetual motion of the fluids of the body? We
know by reason that the heart contracts at the center and forces
the blood through the arteries to all divisions of the body. Also
we know, just as well, that the veins contract at the greatest
distance from the heart and force the blood to return to the
heart through the veins by contraction of the veins, beginning
at the capillaries and continuing the force by contracting the
whole venous system from extremity to center. What causes
the heart to forcibly contract and relax periodically? Why
should the veins contract at all or dilate? Is it a shock on the
nerves caused by the change of temperature of the atmosphere
that causes this periodic tightening and relaxing of the blood-

FEVERS. 247

vessels? By periodically contracting and relaxing I mean the
action of the heart and veins during the flow of blood. The
heart contracts for a time, then relaxes for a time, periodically.
This is the phenomenon that we will try to account for by
atmospheric shocks on the nerves of the heart to drive the
blood out, then irritation of the capillary nerves of veins,
causing them to contract and return the blood to the heart.

Let us reason that with man's temperature above 90
degrees, an electric shock takes place with the action of the air
taken into the lungs, and from action of lungs and chemical
union of explosive substances while in the lungs. Thus an
irritation of the nerves of the heart causes constriction of the
muscles of the heart by atmospheric irritation of, first, the
nerves of the lungs, then of the heart, and all the arterial system
of nerves.

Temperature regulates the motion of the universe and all
bodies therein. Life in motion is an effect of temperature just,
above 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Death is inaction, a lack of heat
or motion. We cease to move, or are dead, as we say. When
blood gets to 96 degrees, an explosive impulse forces it from
the heart to the greatest distance, to awake a venous explosion
among the nerves and cause the veins to contract and push
blood back to the liver, lungs, and heart again. Thus by tem-
perature we have explosion at the heart to drive out the blood,
and at the capillary ends of veins and arteries we get another
explosion that forces nerves to contract and drive the blood
from the small veins to the large, keeping up perpetual motion
by vital heat or temperature.

CHAPTER XI.

Biogen.

DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESS.

Wonders are daily callers, and seem to have been greatly
on the increase during the last century. As we read history
we learn that no one hundred years of the past has produced
wonders in such number and variety. Stupid systems of gov-
ernment have given place to better and wiser systems. Ocean
trips have had months by sail reduced to days by steam. Jour-
neys overland that would require six months by horse or ox are
now accomplished hi six days by rail. Our law, medical, and
other schools have taken great strides in advance, the facilities
for giving the pupil an education are so far superior, and the
knowledge sought can be obtained in less time. Our schools
are not intended for time-consumers. Our aim is to obtain
useful knowledge in the quickest and most thorough way that
it can be obtained. If there is any method by which arith-
metic can be taught so that we can master it in thirty days
instead of thirty months, let us have it. We want knowledge,
and we are willing to pay for it. We want all we .pay for, and
we want our heads kept out of the sausage-mill of time- wasting.
A great question stands before us : What are the possibilities
of still further improving our methods of gaining knowledge,
saving time, and getting greater and better results? I am free
to say the question is too sweeping for me to give it an answer,
as each day brings a new problem for the man or woman who
reasons on cause and gives demonstrations by effects.

BIOGEN. 249

No one knows who the philosopher was that first asked the
question, What is life? But all intelligent persons are inter-
ested in the solution of this problem, at least to know some
tangible reason why it is called "life"; whether life is personal,
or so arranged that it might be called an individualized principle
of Nature.

THE ORIGIN OF ACTION.

If life hi man has been formed to suit the size and duties
of the being, if life has a living and separate personage, then we
should be governed by such reasons as would give it the great-
est chance to go on with its labors in the bodies of man and
beast. We know by experience that a spark of fire will start
the principles of powder into motion, which, were it not stim-
ulated by the positive principle of Father Nature, which finds
this germ lying quietly in the womb of space, would be silently
inactive for all ages, without being able to move or help itself,
save for the motor principle of life given by the Father of all
motion.

Right here we should ask the question, Is action produced
by electricity put in motion, or is it the active principle that
comes as spiritual man? If the latter, it is useless to try or
hope to know what life is in its minutiae. But we do know that
life can only display its natural forces by the visible action of
the forms it produces. If we inspect man as a machine, we
find a complete building, a machine that courts inspection and
criticism. It demands a full exploration of all its parts, with
their uses. Then the mind is asked to find the connection
between the physical and the spirituual. By Nature you can
reason that the powers of life are arranged to suit its system of
motion. If life is an individualized personage, as we might
express that mysterious something, it must have definite
arrangements by which it can be united and act with matter.

25O PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

Then we should acquaint ourselves with the arrangements of
those natural connections, the one or many, in all parts of the
completed being. As motion is the first and only evidence of
life, by this thought we are conducted to the machinery through
which life works to accomplish the results as witnessed in
"motion."

If the brain be that division in which force is generated or
stored, you must at all hazards acquaint yourself with the
structure of this machine ; trace the connections from the brain
to the heart, from heart to lungs, and other organs that can be
acted upon by the brain, whose duty may be to construct
the fleshy and bony parts of the body. Trace these connec-
tions from the brain to the chemical laboratories, and note the
results as they unite and prepare blood and other fluids that
are used in the economy of this vital, self-constructing and
self-moving wonder known as man, wherein life and matter
unite and express their friendly relation one with the other.
While this relation exists we have the living man only, express-
ing and proving the relation that can exist between life and mat-
ter, from the lowest living atom to the greatest worlds. They
can only express form and action by this law. Harmony only
dwells where obstructions do not exist.

The osteopath finds here the field in which he can dwell
forever. His duties as a philosopher admonish him that life
and matter can be united, and that that union cannot con-
tinue with any hindrance to free and absolute motion. There-
fore his duty is to keep away from the track all that will hinder
the complete passage of the forces of the nervous system, that
by that power the blood may be delivered and adjusted to keep
the system in a normal condition. Here is your duty. Do it
well, if you wish to succeed.

BIOGEN. 251

FORCES COMBINED.

We see the form of each world, and call the united action
biogenic life. All material bodies have life terrestrial and all
space has life, ethereal or spiritual life. The two, when united,
form man. Life terrestrial has motion and power; the celes-
tial bodies have knowledge or wisdom. Biogen is the lives of
the two in united action, that give motion and growth to all
things. Thus we have life terrestrial, or the power to move,
and the wisdom from the celestial to govern all motions of
worlds and beings, by union of the life of space and the life of
matter. The force and wisdom of both by that union is driven
into motion by temperature from the ethereal life, to form and
control the universe and all worlds and beings of each planet.
If a seed is planted in the earth and it obeys both the terrestrial
and the celestial forces, then the result is a tree. A man, bio-
genic force, means both lives in united action to construct all
bodies in form, with wisdom to govern their actions. Thus
endowed, two beings or worlds, when in contact, give wisdom
and force to work out greater problems than either could
accomplish alone. As both have been formed by terrestrial
forces aided by celestial wisdom, then greater results can be
hoped for, and in friendly unison in action such results will
appear as the effects of that harmonious union of two great
causes. Thus biogen or material life of the two obeys the wis-
dom of the celestial mind or life. The result is faultless per-
fection, because the earth-life shows in material forms the wis-
dom of the God of the celestial. Thus we say biogen or dual
life, that life means eternal reciprocity that permeates all nature.
The celestial worlds of space or ether-life give forms wisely con-
structed in exchange for the use of the material substances.
Reciprocity through the governments of the celestial and ter-
restrial worlds is ever the same, and human life, in form and
motion, is the result of conception by the terrestrial mother

11 A ( 10'31 GO >' ijoo

|0 -qp 252 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

from the celestial father. Thus we have a union of mind, mat-
ter, and life, or man.

To bring this subject within the comprehension of the stu-
dent, that he may know why the arterial or celestial force should
be brought to act with full force upon the terrestrial or the sub-
stances of the body, he has only to think for a moment that
man contains in his physical organization all chemical sub-
stances that belong to the earth, and that these substances are
put into growing motion, first by the living force or nourish-
ment obtained from the soil. So far no growth could appear
without the assistance of the celestial, heavenly, or atmos-
pheric forces, such as dews, rains, light, darkness, and temper-
ature to suit the vital action of vegetation. He has only to
think a moment to see that the laws governing the growth of
vegetation govern animal bodies in a similar way. The earth
substance has its biogen peculiar to giving strength to vegeta-
tion, and the body of man, which is composed of material sub-
stances taken from the earth, has its equivalent to the biogen
necessary to vegetable growth. This biogen is peculiar in its
nature to the growth of animal bodies. The kinds of substan-
ces consumed in vegetable growths are very different from those
used in the growths of animal bodies or forms. The circula-
tion of the fluid substances is very similar, both being obliged
to pass through arterial channels suited to the requirements
of each, so we see that the law of assimilation, appropriation,
and growth is very much alike. It is just as important for the
healthy growth of the tree that the plentiful supply of sap and
substances necessary to the growth of the tree should be undis-
turbed, as it is necessary that the blood or sap of human life
meet with no hindrances if successful growth of a bone or mus-
cle is to be expected. Since the purest of blood is required to do
physical work in the human body through the whole system
in the best of shape, we will offer as a substitute some impure

BIOGEN. 253

or inferior quality of blood to be appropriated in the economy
of life, and ask what can be expected but bad results in all
organs supplied or fed by such low nutritious diet. As a little
leaven leaveneth the whole loaf, would not a little diseased
blood disease the whole viscera? By way of illustration, let
us wound the liver, omentum, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, or
bowels, or cause blood to die and decompose in one of the
organs. Have we not made a nucleus for an increase in the
quantity and quality of the poisonous blood that will extend
with its poisons through the whole sysetm? If so, we have no
other question to ask. We know the cause and should well
understand and relieve the sufferer by opening up drainage,
forwarding the best of blood for the repair of damages done by
stagnant impurities. To illustrate this thought, we will begin
the preparation of diseased blood by deranging the colon from
the rectum through the descending, sigmoid, transverse, and
ascending colon or the caecum, which contains the gate of
exit through which the fluids must pass to keep the faecal mat-
ter in a soft, digestible, and movable condition. We will bruise,
poison, ligate, kink, or twist the colon from the caecum to the
descending curve on the left side. If we stop the blood, we
have stagnation, congestion, fermentation, death of fluids,
and poisonous blood to be absorbed by the lymphatics and
other members of the secretory family, and to be conveyed to
the liver through the venous system. This diseased blood
becomes the nourishment for the liver, which is expected to
be healthy and act as a purifying laboratory, preparing sub-
stances through purification for blood the blood of life, and
not the blood of death, with poisonous impurities. A physiol-
ogist with even a moderate degree of anatomical knowledge
knows just what arteries supply the liver and what veins keep
the organ pure. He also knows just as well that the drainage
of the whole abdomen passes directly to the liver, through

254 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

which blood passes on its journey to the heart and lungs for
further purification. He knows that diseased blood returned
from the rectum or colon becomes poor food for a healthy liver.
He knows that diseased blood from the bladder, the uterus, or
any membrane or gland of the pelvis is thrown into the chan-
nels and conducted to the liver without regard to its purity.
The venous system and the liver itself must report and deposit
fluids, good or bad, in the liver. The man of our school knows,
if he has the brains to be a successful osteopath, that this dis-
eased blood becomes a fire to the hepatic laboratory, and that
fire of disease circumnavigates the whole system, bone, brain,
nerve, and muscle. Thus, you see, if the liver is diseased, the
body is diseased, and the cause of this deadly compound has
had its origin hi the rectum, low down, by displaced members
of the abdominal viscera. We see the process of generating
poisons by cutting off or disturbing the venous flow of blood
in the rectum long enough to allow it to lose its vitality and
decompose and do the deadly work of forming poisonous gases
and deposits.

MATTER IN THE ATOM.

When matter is reduced to its greatest degree of atomic
fineness, then it can submit to any bodily form, because all sub-
tances contain in kind that of all other kinds by nature, and
can easily take the form of man, beast, bird, or reptile, because
this fineness is equal to that of spiritual food or the motor pow-
ers of life. An atom is the limit of inaction, the point at which
life rests hi matter, because of its crudity. When matter passes
beyond the degree of being atomized farther, then it is life,
and it acts and forms itself to suit the body of any being or the
world. When matter ceases to be divisible, it then becomes
a fluid of life and easily unites with other atoms, and is a mass
or body of living matter and recrystallizes into the form given

BIOGEN. 255

by the parent causes. Thus man's body is a form given by
celestial life to the terrestrial life that is reduced back from the
living matter to a man, world, or being, with form of a being
given by the celestial forces acting on living matter whilst in
the living state of matter, so fine that the atoms blend and
become a unit, or melt and become one being or body of living
matter, with quality equal to all qualities of life, wisdom, and
material substances, never to return to their original state,
either as matter or life. In man's body have been prepared
and united the two kinds of life, the celestial and terrestrial,
and the result is man and beast. "All matter," says one, "is
living substance." We know life only by the motion of mate-
rial bodies. That self-moving principle which we see in all ani-
mal bodies we call life, because we see them move independent
of other bodies or forces. That life acts and moves in that
being of its own force. Life is individualized and has its limit
of action, which extends no further than the man or beast gov-
erned by that individual power known as the life of man or
beast. Then we behold a living body, and we say, "That body
is all alive; every atom moves." How long have the atoms
moved as man, all united in form? If but a few years in that
form of associated atoms, and the atoms were living when they
first met, how long have they been alive, and when and how
did they become living atoms, or is life eternally the same in
the atoms?

THE MATERIAL, AND IMMATERIAL.

It matters very little to man where mind, motion, and
matter came from, the one place or the other. They are all in
his make-up, and he is interested in keeping them all healthy.
If he is a doctor, he is interested in quick cures, because his liv-
ing depends on his success. The doctor does not have to fur-
nish his patients mind, matter, or motion. His work is to
keep the body adjusted so it can supply itself with brain and

256 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

muscle ; then mind and motion will appear and keep the labo-
ratory full of the choicest chemicals and free from disease.
Healthy organs and food are what keeps a man healthy. The
doctor can aid in keeping the organs in place. This he can
do if he knows the forms and functionings of the different parts
of the body. If not, he is of but little use or benefit to the sick.

THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE.

All visible matter is life retired from labor to rest. All
motion is matter in action. An explosive is matter at rest, and
an explosion is matter in motion ; so of motion in man. Life
begins to unfold by explosions of lower orders of material life
in matter. Thus all action marks the amount and quality of
explosives used by the body that moves. What we call life is
matter at labor ; death is matter minus explosive ability and at
rest. The velocity of the union of the two forces doubles the
explosive powers of either. Animal life appears on the stage
of action. We see ' ' motionless matter, earth, stone, and on to
all visible bodies." And we see moving matter; we say "liv-
ing matter." When we see dead bodies that do not move, we
say "dead matter." But is it dead, or is it in a state of inac-
tion or rest only, and waiting its time to fall in line as living
active matter that is rested and ready to take up the line of
march and give its energies to the orders of Nature ? We speak
of life, but know of it only as we see bodies move by life back
of the visible matter. Does Nature have a finer matter that
is invisible and that moves all that is visible to us ? Life surely
is a very finely prepared substance, which is the all-moving
force of Nature, or that force that moves all nature from
worlds to atoms. It seems to be a substance that contains all
the principles of construction and motion, with the power to
endow that which it constructs with the attributes necessary
to the object it has formulated from matter and sent forth as a

BIOGEN. 257

living being. We think it is not unreasonable to conclude that
life is matter in motion, with ability to carry its kind and
impart the same to other bodies. To illustrate, we would say
that smallpox is the effect of living matter that permeates all
systems in which it may dwell, and consumes to partial or com-
plete destruction. The same law is true with other contagious
substances. They are materials reduced to the degree of liv-
ing fineness. They proceed to take possession of the human
body and inflict their wounds and cause disease and death.
These are effects not of dead matter, but of living matter,
that seeks to live and destroys organic bodies by subsisting on
the substances that should sustain the life of man. Thus one
dies of starvation and a new creature lives, takes his flight in
search of nourishment, and keeps up a perpetual journeying as
one of the finest principles and efforts of Nature, which is mat-
ter refined to the condition known as life.

Thus far we see nothing in matter but life at rest. Even
the human body that we see every day is matter called to a
halt and at rest. This is life of a lower order submitting to the
edicts of the higher life, which life keeps up motion by the com-
bustion of the terrestrial substances within the body. This
combustion is conducted, prepared, and brought into action by
the refining laboratory that issues nothing but the active sub-
stance known as life. That life substance, when conducted to
a higher condition of unfoldment, is ready to take its place and
send forth the wondrous action of the principle known as mind,
when prepared by Nature to that degree of incomprehensible
refinement known as mind, whose existence feasts and flour-
ishes upon the waters of the ocean of universal intelligence,
which speaks and proves the intelligence of God as the wisest
of all chemists, who has united the necessary substances at His
command to produce a union of matter endowed with action
and the power of continuing the refining process until mind,

258 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

the incomprehensible, appears with man as the crowning effort
of the wisdom of an all-wise chemist, be he known as God,
Nature, the Unknowable, or the ever -living Genius of the
universe.

We have given a few thoughts on this line of life, hoping
the osteopath will take up the subject and travel a few miles
farther toward the fountain of this great source of knowledge
and apply the results to the relief and comfort of the afflicted
who come for counsel and advice.

MAN Is ETERNAL.

Human life is eternal. We have no proof otherwise. Life
enters the forest of flesh as man. It carries constructing
wisdom and ability. It begins with the atoms of flesh, adds
by ones to countless millions, and carefully adjusts each to suit
the form of the plans and specifications to make a physical hab-
itation to suit the union of mind and matter. Thus we see the
form, material man. It, man, begins work as a wise and great
builder. It plans as it goes. All requirements are known and
are well finished with perfect skill throughout. All parts fit to
suit all other parts, he qualifying and preparing each atom of
matter to the greatest gauge of purity of each kind, with forms
to suit each atom, previous to being placed in its required posi-
tion to harmonize with all other atoms entering into the form
of bone or muscle. All work is so nicely done that we are forced
as critics in the fine arts to conclude, from the work and skill
shown in man's physical being, that man began as a skillful
life, led on and on by perfect wisdom, each stroke in unison
from start to finish. We must conclude that he is a builder
guided by wisdom to the fullest and most satisfactory proof
that life is the essence of wisdom in action in all nature, and
man is life and mind without beginning of days or end of time.
Man could not be man and not be a wise builder when he dwells

BIOGEN. 259

in worlds of matter whose powers to select and build have no
limit short of perfection. He came to the forest of matter a
master builder, and used such material as perfect wisdom only
could select. In him we find no assistance given, nor was any
necessary. He alone builded his own house, with all there-
unto belonging. Where he got his power and wisdom is the
question whose correct answer we do not know. His work is
the silent witness of his abilities to do perfect work. When he
picked up the first atom of matter and placed it, he added oth-
ers to countless millions as his work progressed to the finished
man. . He did not come as a living germ, but as man, who was
able to prove that he was master of matter and was perfection
as a building genius, and only asked the skeptic to contradict
his word or prove that it was not true by bringing forward the
builder who made man, if he, man himself, did not handle the
first, last, and all the other atoms in his form. He borrowed
timber from the maternal forest and bore all the burdens of the
required labor in building the house in which he lives. If he
partakes of the nature of the universe, then, by that quality,
he has constructiveness to perfection as a natural quality of his
animal perfection. Thus, by nature, he not only proves to be
perfection as a builder, but endowed also with power to reason,
to care for and conduct his house of life and locomotion through
its journey of physical union. In him nothing is imperfect
excepting his reason. There seems to be greater wisdom shown
in his construction than in his reasoning powers. We find him
a skilled workman, and not "an atom of life, a living germ of
protoplasm." Man. Who made him? One says, "God made
him." Another thinks that if God had anything to do with
man-making, that He, God, or the universal law under which
man comes, put into his life-compound the essence of perfect
constructive ability, which quality pervades the whole universe
in the construction of worlds and beings of animal forms.
Thus, to construct wisely is natural to all things.

260 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

THE ADVENT OF MAN.

No record shows the exact time when man's foot first
appeared on the earth. A knowledge of his advent might be
profitable. The unwritten history of the human races, if we
had it, might to us be a book of great knowledge. It is not sup-
posed that the mind of man has become observingly active only
in the last few centuries. Absolute evidence of purer and
deeper reason than we have been able to present stands
recorded on the faces of many valuable "lost arts" which we
have never been able to equal. Is it not reasonable to suppose
that the powers of mind have also degenerated from some
cause?

The stock-raiser carefully chooses the best and most
healthy of the males and females of his flocks and herds for
breeding purposes, that their offspring may be healthy and well
developed for the purposes for which he raises them. As a
result, he raises from year to year stock with marked improve-
ment in form, strength, and usefulness. Should he be foolish
enough to kill off the healthy and well-developed males as they
appeared in his stock, for one or two generations, would anyone
with average intelligence suppose that the standards would or
could be kept up? If for breeding purposes he would save
calves, colts, lambs, pigs, goats, or any other young males that
had had legs frozen off, one or both eyes plucked out, necks
and ears torn by panthers, what would you think of the man's
sanity?

THE SURVIVAL OF THE WEAKEST.

On this line we would ask, What has been the procedure in
human life? Has it not been to select the strong and healthy
males and drive them out to the field of battle to destroy a
million or more of other strong men? Our war of the sixties
illustrates this. Since that war closed, the fathers of our children
have been mainly crippled, worn-out, and degenerated physical

BIOGEN. 26l

wrecks, and the "refused," who, for lack of physical ability, were
barred from entering the service of the United States. Many of
these physical and mental wrecks have been the fathers of
children born during the last thirty-five years. Every healthy
young lady who married and became a mother after the early
sixties had to select a husband from a war or hereditary wreck.
From that degenerated stock of human beings our asylums are
filled and the beams of the gallows pulled down by the weight
of the bodies of those mental dwarfs. Run this train of reason
back for a few hundreds or thousands of years. This degener-
ating force has been bearing upon the offspring, and is it a
wonder that we have physical and mental wrecks all over the
country?

Now if we have been mentally degenerating, killing our
best men for a few thousand years' time, and still have a few left
who are fairly good reasoners, what were the mental powers ages
ago as compared with now? They could think from native
abih'ty; we only through acquired ability by our methods of
education. Should an original thinker occasionally appear
from among the crippled and maimed, he will have much that
is unpleasant to contend with, unless he is generous enough
to credit the cause to an effect produced by the lack of mental
and physical forces in the sires just described. A man who is
able to reason cannot afford to wear out his physical and mental
forces by spending time in tiresome discussions with such blank
masses, who are fortunate if they have intelligence enough to
make a living under the methods that require the least mental
action. It would not be unwise for him to allow a feeling of
combativeness to arise and to spend his forces on such persons.
Prenatal causes have dropped them where they are, and a
philosopher is sorrowful instead of combative. All that is left
for him to do is to trim his lamps and let the lights defend
themselves.

262 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

The ancients did much thinking. Great minds existed then,
as is evidenced by the architecture displayed in the building of
temples and pyramids. In philosophy, chemistry, and math-
ematics we have living facts of their intelligence. In some
ways we are equal and even surpass them, but in the establish-
ment of religious and political governments, national and tribal
creeds, powerful minds and bodies of thousands and millions
have been slain and their wise counsels lost by death. Reason
says that under the circumstances we must make and do the
best we can for our day and generation.

METHODS OF HEALING.

Some evidence crops out now and then that ancient meth-
ods of healing were natural and wisely applied, and crowned
with good results. As far as history speaks of the ancient heal-
ing arts, they were logical, philosophical, good in results, and
harmless. It is true we have great systems of chemistry that
are useful in the mechanical arts, but they are very limited in
their uses in the healing arts. In fact, a great percentage of
the gray-haired philosophers of the medical schools unhesi-
tatingly assert that the world would be better off without
them. These conclusions are sent forth by competent and
honest investigators, who have tested all known combinations
of chemicals and drugs and carefully observed the results
attained in the science of drugs from a quarter to a half a cen-
tury. Let us call it " a trade, ' ' as the use of drugs is not a science.
The drug practitioner in a majority of cases, when he adminis-
ters drugs, gives one dose for health and nine for the dollar.

As it becomes necessary to throw off oppressive govern-
ments, it becomes just as necessary to throw off other useless
practices and customs. Drugs have had their day. Their fate
is sealed just as surely as the millions of their human victims.

Allopathy, a school of medicine known and fostered for
these many years, attempted to fiad the real cause and cure of

BIOGEN. 263

diseases, but gave up the search and went into camp and con-
structed temples to the god who purged, puked, perspired, opi-
ated, and drank whisky and other stimulants. Allopathy has
destroyed its thousands, ruined nations, established whisky
saloons, opium dens, insane asylums, naked mothers, and hun-
gry babies, and still cries aloud, and says: "Come unto me,
and I will give you rest. I have opium, morphine, and whisky
by the barrel. I am the god of all healing knowledge, and want
to be so recognized by people and statute. I do not wish to be
annoyed by eclecticism, homoeopathy, Christian science, mas-
sage, Swedish movements, nor osteopathy. I do not like oste-
opathy any better than I do a tiger. It scratches me and tears
away all my disciples. I cannot destroy it. It uses neither
opium nor whisky, and it is impossible to catch it asleep. It
has scratched our power out of seventeen States, and there is
no telling where it will scratch next. We must prepare for
more war. I have heard from my scouts that on osteopathy's
flag the inscription reads thus: 'No quarter for allopathy in
particular, and none at all for any schools of medicine farther
than surgery, and war to the hilt on three-fourths of that as
practiced in the present day. The use of the knife in every-
thing and for everything must be stopped ; not by statute law,
but through a higher education of the masses, which will give
them more confidence in Nature's ability to heal.'"

PRIMITIVE MAN.

It is reasonable to suppose that the Mind that constructed
man was fully competent to undertake and complete the being
to suit the purposes for which he was designed. After giving
him physical perfection in every limb, organ, or part of his
body, it is reasonable to suppose that at that time He gave him
all the mental powers necessary for all purposes during the life
of his race. With perfection in the physical, it is supposable

264 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

he approached very near to intellectual perfection. Primi-
tive man was a mathematician, not by collegiate process, but
by native ability. He did not have to take a course in a uni-
versity to study chemistry, because of the fact that he was a
chemist when he was born. Possibly he could speak or under-
stand all languages spoken by the human tongue from the pow-
ers of his mind, which occupied a pure and healthy physique.
In a word, he was well made and fully endowed with all the
physical and mental forces necessary for the whole journey of
his life. Now a question arises, When did he begin to degen-
erate physically and mentally? Let us reason a little along
this line. History is young and has had imperfectly recorded
only such events as have transpired during a few centuries, and
with records imperfectly preserved.

We see evidences all along of prehistoric man's life, though
the being and his bones have been mostly obliterated. We
see close to his bony remains the stone axe and the flint dart.
We find acres of ground in many places close to mounds and
caves with countless millions of slivers that have been scaled
from flints and formed to suit war's purposes. Bones found in
caves and in buried heaps indicate that many thousands fell in
mortal combat here and there. Possibly they were old in the
skilled arts of war at that day. Great and powerful men, who
should have been parents of the coming generations, were slain
and destroyed, and the conquered became the captives and
slaves of the conquerors, with all opportunities for mental
development suppressed. Other nations and tribes entered the
bloody fields of battle, and have nothing to report excepting the
death of their best physically formed men, leaving the propa-
gation of the race or races to those who were left behind as
physically unfit for battle, owing to lack of strength of either
body or mind.

This process of destroying the mentally and physically
great has been kept up to the limits of our history's record.

BIOGEN. 265

We must go to school about one-half of our time, in order to
cultivate and stimulate our mental energies sufficiently well to
follow the ordinary business pursuits of life.

MENTAL DWARFS.

Without worrying the patience of the reader, we will ask
him if it is not reasonable to believe that during all the past
thousands of years that men have fought over their gods and
governments, there has resulted a mental dwarf age? Our pro-
fessional men are only imitators of one another. They spend
many years in school because of a lack of native ability. This
is our condition, and we must make the best we can of it.
Most of our so-called learned men of to-day stand upon heaps
of mental rubbish. You seldom see in an editor's columns any
evidence of originality and mental greatness. He clips, quotes,
and sells his "wisdom." He takes up some hobby, religious or
scientific. He lauds his own religious views. His scientific
ideas he wishes embalmed for the use of future generations.
His law is the law. His medicine is God's pills, notwithstand-
ing he is the laughing-stock of all who know him. I want to be
good to these fellows. I expect to be good to them, as they are
suffering from the effects of prenatal causes thrown upon them
by their ancestors for thousands of years. By those causes
they possibly have been wounded worse than I have, and I do
not expect to spend any time in combats with mental dwarfs,
be they political, religious, or scientific bigots. If I can suc-
cessfully run my boat over the riffles of time, I shall credit it to
good luck, not native ability; for I, too, feel what they should
the deep plowings of mental dwarfage, the result of the slaugh-
ter of all the great and good men for ages before us.

THE APPEARANCE OF (EDEMA

(Edema is one word that appears at the first showing of
life and death in animal forms. Previous to death there is

266 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

a general swelling of the system, a watery swelling of fascia
and lymphatics, even to those of nerve-fibers. If a disease
should destroy life by withholding all fluids, we can trace such
cause to a time when there was a watery swelling of the centers
of the nerves of nutrition to such an extent as to cut off nerve-
supply until sensation ceased to renovate and keep off accumu-
lating fluids as long as fermentation did the work of heating till
all fluids had dried up, and the channels of supply had closed
by adhesive inflammation, and death followed by the law of
general atrophy.

To 1 make the assertion that all diseases have their begin-
ning in oedema may be wide in its range, but we often find one
principle ruling over much territory. Mind is the supreme
ruler of all beings, from the mites of life to the monsters of the
land and sea. There we see a ruling principle without limit.
The same of numbers. By heat all metals melt. Acids must
have oxygen to make them solvents of metals. We only speak
imperfectly of a few common laws to prepare the student to
think along the line of probabilities as I hold them out for con-
sideration. Suppose we begin at the atoms of fluids, such as
enter the construction of animal or vegetable forms, and have
them held up until decomposition begins. In a delay like that,
does not Nature call a halt and refuse to obey the laws of con-
struction and let all other supplies pile up even unto death? Is
not all this the result of oedema? (Edema surely begins with the
first tardy atom of matter. Pneumonia begins by cedematous
accumulations of dead atoms, even to the death of the whole
body, all having found a start in atoms only.

We will now propound a few questions which the osteo-
path should keep in mind:

Are animal forms complete as working machines?

Has Nature furnished man with powers to make his bones
and give them the necessary form?

BIOGEN. 267

Does a section in Nature's law provide fastenings to hold
these to one another?

How will this body move, and where and how is the force
applied?

Where and how is this force obtained?

How is it generated and supplied to these parts of motion?

Whatjtnakes these muscles, ligaments, nerves, veins, and
arteries?

Are they self -forming, or has Nature prepared machinery
to make them?

Does animal life contain knowledge and force for the
construction of all the parts of man?

Can it run the machine after it has finished it?

By what power does it move?

Is there a blood-vessel running to every part of this body
to supply all these demands?

If it has a battery of force, where is it?

What does it use for force?

Is it electricity? If so, how does it collect and use this
substance?

How does it convey its powers?

How does man keep warm without a fire?

How does he build and lose flesh all the time?

Where and how is the supply made and delivered to proper
places?

How is it applied and what holds it to its place when
adjusted?

What makes it build the house of life?

Do demand and supply govern the work? If not, what
does?

Are the laws of animal life sufficient to do all this work
of building and repairing wastes and keeping it in running
condition?

268 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

If they are, what can man do or suggest to help them?

Is this machine capable of being run fast or slow if need be?

Does man have in him some kind of chemical laboratory
that can turn out such products as he needs to fill all his phys-
ical demands?

If by heat, exercise, or any other cause he gets warm,
can that chemistry cool him to normal?

If too cold, can it warm him? Can it adjust him to heat
and cold?

If so, how is it done? Is the law of life and longevity fully
vindicated in man's make-up?

CHAPTER XII.

Smallpox.

THE HISTORY OP SMALLPOX.

The subject of smallpox is a serious one for the minds,
bodies, and pens of the doctors of this century, as it has been
for those of many centuries of the past, if records are true, as
we believe they are. We have learned nothing of the origin,
nothing of the action of the deadly poison which it contains,
and when we sum up all that has been written for thousands of
years, we only learn that the doctor does not know what it is
nor what it does, more than that it has the power to kill the
human race by the millions. Judging from their writings, our
wisest doctors know nothing more than does the savage, so hi
the twentieth century we need not look back to them for knowl-
edge. The field is just as cloudy to-day for the doctor as at
any period of the remotest days of man's history, when he
thought God had sent smallpox as one of His choicest plagues
to punish the nations for some sin of disobedience to His holy
ordinance. Man has tried many ways to stop its deadly work.
He has prayed, sacrificed, and dosed, but all to no effect up to
the hour of the coming in of the twentieth century. I think
the doctors of the medical schools have done the best they could
to combat and stop its eternal fire, where the "worm" hath not
died by the hands of the most skilled authors or doctors of med-
icine. The medical doctors, with all they know of cause or
cure, are just as afraid of smallpox as the commons. I claim
it is the privilege and duty of the American School of Osteop-

270 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

athy to take a hand in this fight and do what it can to stop the
ravages of the filthy curse, smallpox. Many things have been
tried, but all have failed. Vaccination and inoculation have
both been well tried, but the smallpox is here, there, and all
over the earth, and as defiant to-day as at the close of each day
or century of the historic past.

Our school charter reads: "To improve on our present
systems of surgery, obstetrics, and treatment of diseases gen-
erally." I will confine myself to that charter. We claim to
use any means that are better than any known method of the
past, as used in surgery, as used in obstetrics, and the treatment
of diseases generally. It will not be my object to speak of the
improvements made by osteopathy in surgery and obstetrics,
nor in treating diseases of climate or diseases of the different
seasons of the year, but to give my reason for a change in our
method of treating smallpox and other contagious diseases.

Smallpox is the most dreadful disease known to the human
family. It has killed its countless millions, and has been a
deadly terror for thousands of years. It visits and slays men,
women, and children of all nations, civilized and savage. It
has no mercy on any human. It lives on human flesh only;
nothing but human blood has been found or known that will
appease its wrath. All of this the people of the earth have
learned by sad experience, but have been powerless to combat
it. If we would prevent the ravages of the disease, it is first
necessary for me to make an inquiry into its nature.

Does the virus, the seed, or the substance of smallpox act
so as to corrode the albumin, blood, and fat? Does it cause the
magnetic battery of man to call into the system such gases as
ammonia and phosphorus and set them on fire by electricity,
exploding the nitrogen that is stored so abundantly in the
cellular system of the body? Smallpox does something. What
is it? Surely some vital shock causes this awful confusion.

SMAU,POX. 271

Have all the doors of the excretories been shut? Does the
introduction of the germ of smallpox into the lungs cause a con-
tracture of its cellular system, by means of which the virus is
retained in the system until the eruption is developed ? To the
writer this is reasonable. Has not man gone far enough with
his abortive method of reasoning to halt and think on other
lines? We should learn what the physical change is, and com-
bat it accordingly. Do substances, beings, animals, trees, and
stones throw off an incubating vitality of their own? Can
their life-substance be conveyed to another body over a con-
ducting wire, or is it conveyed by the atmosphere? Is there
not a life-giving force common to all nature, and when that force
passes from a diseased human to another, does it not show by its
action that k is a living substance?

THE ORIGIN OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.

Do contagions or contagious diseases come from seeds of
matter, or from changes of the powers of life, life-activities be-
ing modified by force of compounds that have been driven from
natural channels, and creating new or abnormal activities that
unite substances into other compounds that are poisonous to
the healthy fluid of animal life? Thus a snake-bite or its virus
only causes an explosive shock to the cells of different gases,
whose union, when disturbed by other additions, causes univer-
sal explosion and spills substances that are poisonous to the con-
tents of other cells. Explosion and death take place when union
with the fluids of other cells or different kinds occurs. Not a
germ, but an electric condition, shock, or change in natural
functioning, causes changes of the corpuscles in blood, and this
changed blood, when ejected into mucous membranes, is mis-
taken for foreign germs.

Do contagions pass from the diseased person to the healthy
person by emigrating bugs? If by emigrating from one to the

272 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

other, where do they camp to enter this new physiological field?
Do they camp or locate in the ears, on our heads or our backs, or
do those germs wisely select the lungs, where there is an abund-
ant supply of food, water, and air? If each air-cell of the five
lobes is a house that would accommodate a couple of germs,
male and female, which fertilize the nerve-cells with the seed of
smallpox, how many houses would be filled when all had an
occupant? We have reason to believe that all contagious dis-
eases seek the lungs to pasture and deposit their germs.

In the neck will be found the nerves that rally all forces
which convey contagious vapors or seeds into the air-cells where
the nerve-terminals open the mouths of secretion and take up
the life-gases of smallpox and other contagions and convey that
substance to the nerve-cells for development through all stages
to perfect eruption of measles, chickenpox, or any other rash
on to smallpox. Thus we see that the vital vapor enters the
body by way of the lungs, first entering the air-cells, and then
being taken up by the mouths of the nerves at the periphery,
and conveyed to the nerve-cells or cavities for development and
general distribution to the whole cellular system of the body,
beginning with the fascia and ending with the skin. I think by
this time the student of Nature will seek to know the cause of
the great physiological changes that we see in eruptive fevers,
such as smallpox, measles, chickenpox, and all glandular changes
as found in mumps, typhoid fever, syphilis, tuberculosis, and
chronic dysentery. I think I have pointed out just how smallpox
and many other diseases enter the system of nutrition, construc-
tion, and renovation, leaving deposits in blood-vessels, lym-
phatics and the membranous and cellular systems, whose decom-
position feeds and sustains the deadly diseases of consumption,
chronic dysentery, diphtheria, cancer, Bright 's disease, scrofula,
and many others equally destructive. With the knowledge of
how and where the germ is deposited, how it is fed and grows to

SMALLPOX. 273

universal occupancy of the system, we have but little to seek,
except to know how to work the machinery and cause it to
unload.

Tenner, of the seventeenth century, reasoned that man
could ward off the disease by the use of vaccine matter, which is
only localized, modified smallpox. We feel proud of his energy
as shown in his effort to modify the ravages of smallpox. We
know that his object was good, and that if one infectious poison
was in possession of the body, it would hold it immune to other
infections. I say, I believe that his object was good, but I do
believe other substances will do the warding off of disease by pos-
session just as well as or better than vaccine matter, and have
no bad effects follow their use. I chose cantharides as a sub-
stitute for vaccine, and I will give my reasons for looking for
something better than the vaccine matter that is taken from
a sick cow with an eruption that appears on her teats or bag.
This was originally taken into the milkmaid's hands in any
place that the skin had a fresh crack or broken surface in which
the virus could enter the skin for development to the rash.

The following definition of "vaccine" is taken from Dun-
glison: "The cowpox is a disease of the cow arising spontane-
ously or perhaps from the smallpox contagion of man, or from
the matter of grease in horses conveyed by the milkers, which,
if transmitted to man by means of inoculation, may preserve
him from smallpox contagion. The promulgation of this valu-
able property of the vaccine virus is due to Dr. Jenner, who, after
many experiments, extending over twenty years, made a definite
announcement in 1798 regarding the nature of the virus."

In Dunglison's definition he speaks of spontaneous produc-
tion in the cowpox; he is not positive that it is spontaneous.
Neither Dr. Jenner nor Dunglison has told us any more of the
origin of the cowpox than that it comes on the cow spontane-
ously, or from grease-heel of the horse, or it is smallpox caught

274 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

by inoculation from a milkhand who had smallpox while he
handled the cow's teats. You see, they are "supposed-sos."
They both guess and suppose to a finish. From what both
have said, I will guess that both have failed to find or know any-
thing of the cause of the cowpox. Neither have left any light
for the reader.

USE OF VACCINE.

Now we will take up the subject of immunity from small-
pox by the use of vaccine. I will not dispute that smallpox
cannot enter the system during the time that vaccine is acting
on the system as an eruptive fever. It is reasonable to conclude
that the eruptive fever that goes with vaccine will hold the fort
of life against any other eruptive substances and prevent it
from being taken up and receiving vitality. Suppose it will
hold the system immune by occupancy until the system has
washed itself to purity from the old before a new virus will take
effect and develop to any rash. Then we see that all safety from
smallpox lies in the fact that the system is full of cow-rot, and
that there is no place for smallpox nor the rot or seed of any
other contagious disease. Cantharides is a safer preventive
than vaccine, and why? First, the cow is subject to lung dis-
eases, tuberculosis, and pneumonia ; so much so that for safety
from diseased milk very stringent laws have been enacted to
prevent its use. The cow has about as many diseases as man,
or more: cancer, blackleg, erysipelas of the mouth, pink-
eye, and many other diseases; she has lockjaw, and she has
poison in her system that will and does kill human beings
when put into their systems. Then, if Jenner's philosophy is
true, that one animal poison while in the body will keep out
others by occupancy, we should select from the species that are
not known to be diseased. We do know the cow to be a very
much diseased beast, and, since her blood has been inserted

SMAU,POX. 275

into man's system, that man's death-ratio from cancer, scrof-
ula, and consumption has asked for and received from two to
four hundred thousand humans each year in America alone.
Smallpox doctors have been in the Jenner rut since the year
1798. Jenner reasoned from the cowpox and the grease-heel
of the horse, or, as we say in America, "scratches." He and
all the M.D.s of Europe have been good men and have kept
their feet in the rut of tradition, particularly in fighting small-
pox, and as the English did in fighting the Boers. The English-
men fought well without reason, but the Boers "licked" them
every time until all their resources were exhausted and they had
to submit to a so-called surrender. What did the Boers do?
They moved out of the old English and German ruts of war,
and fought and thought with power to suit the occasion and
with consummate skill. We read reports of all their battles,
following Johnny Bull and the Dutch, with Johnny repeatedly
getting thrashed and sending for another general, who would
come in and fight just as the officer did whom he succeeded.
He walked out bravely as a lion, and also got whipped. My
blood is English, Scotch, and German, but it has been in Amer-
ica for four generations, and I feel free to say that I hate a hen
that sits on a nest that has no eggs in it just because her grand-
mother sat there. If she sits on nothing but rotten eggs, what
will she get but rotten chickens, like the rotten virus that Jenner
put under his hen of reason one hundred years ago? But his
work was good, but minus the reasoning that one rotten sub-
stance was all the system could combat at one time, and if
the patient was kept full of horse- and cow-rot, that the seeds
of smallpox could not push out the cow-rot and get possession
of the system. I believe we are on safe ground to cut a more
extended system of experimenting with smallpox and its abate-
ment by the cantharides or any substance that would create an
; nfectious fever. When we have an infectious fever, that fever

276 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

has possession of the whole body, and, by all rules of reason, will
hold possession until it has completed its work. Then other
infections may take possession of the body and proceed to plant
that seed of another eruptive fever and hold the body immune
to all others. "Stop that!" The people have commenced to
say, "Stop that!" for many hosts are so uselessly murdered
daily by poisons forced into their systems by hypodermic
syringes.

JENNER'S COMMAND NOT HEEDED.

It is claimed that Jenner commanded the sun (smallpox)
to stand. It did not stand. Others before and since his day
have tried cowpox and grease-heel of the horse, but both have
failed. Isolation reports a hopeless failure. Pest-houses are
in all cities, and so is smallpox. People are afraid of it. The
doctor is the first to run. It is a fight he will not go into. He
claims that it is better to run than to get whipped. I believe
that the philosophy of Jenner, the groomsman and the milk-
maid, is good, but it gives nothing to the world excepting the
accidental cure or supposed preventive to smallpox. No rea-
son was given why one poison would immune the person from
another poison. Jenner simply accepted, tried, and adopted
the supposed remedial powers of cowpox and sore or cankered
heels of the horse. He and his disciples gave us no caution nor
hint that the grease-heel of the horse might be a venereal dis-
ease peculiar to the horse only. They told us nothing of the
cowpox, whether or not it was venereal in nature, or whether,
like the adoption of most medical "remedies" the doctor uses
or has used, it came to notice by accident. I do not wish in
the least to antagonize the effort of Jenner. I think it was
good, but I do think that more effective and less dangerous
substances can be used than the putrid compounds of variola.
I believe that this philosophy which I present can and. will be

SMALLPOX. 277

found as protective against leprosy, measles, and syphilis as
against smallpox and other infectious contagions. This is the
twentieth century. Our school was created to improve on the
past. Let us keep step with the music of progress.

CREDIT WHERE CREDIT Is DUE.

We should be thankful to our ancestors, and give them
credit for all their various methods of combating smallpox.
Give them praise and love. They thought that they had found
a remedy that could modify the death-dealing scourge, small-
pox. The popular opinion of the world is that smallpox has
been greatly reduced in its destruction of human life all over
the world since the introduction of vaccination by Jenner. To
him is due the credit of rescue from the unmerciful slaughter of
all races of men. That belief is shared in and practiced now by
all nations and people on earth. It is not my object to dig up
his bones and abuse him. I believe the philosophy of fighting
one infection with another infectious substance that could hold
the body immune by long and continuous possession is good
and was good. Like any benefactor, he perhaps did not select
the best material to bring his thoughts to their best and most
defiant proofs. Many persons have died who have been vac-
cinated with the blood of the cow or horse. Many have gone
into decay, consumption, cancerous ulcers, and lost both limbs
and life from diseases latent in the cow and horse, many of them
supposed to be syphilitic and gonorrhoeal. The cow and horse
have many diseases loathsome in effect which, through lack of
caution, had not been seen or known of when the virus was taken
from the animal for man 's use and protection. This has been
the danger in using dead pus from the cow and horse that had
glanders, gleet, farcy, and other deadly diseases. I think Jen-
ner was right in his object, but he made a bad choice of germi-
fuge to ward off infections. Reason at once brings us to con-

278 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

elude that, as the horse and cow are both very subject to many
diseases equally as dangerous as smallpox itself, to choose their
blood, let it decompose and rot, and then insert that blood into
the human body, would be dangerously unwise, and it should
go out of use as soon as a safe and better substitute is found.
I have chosen the cantharides, and will give the reasons why
I have chosen it as a better substance than that of the cow or
horse.

DANGERS OF VACCINATION.

When we read of the diseases to which the cow and horse
are subject, we find them to be very numerous. They are
almost equal to those that attack the human race in variety,
and are just as deadly. Our oldest and youngest authors all
talk much about smallpox. They talk in Latin, Greek, Hebrew,
Sanskrit, German, and in all known and unknown tongues
about the disease and its mysterious workings; but when they
are weighed by ah American who only wants to know the ' 'how "
and "why" of anything, he is forced to say that he is no wiser
when he has read one thousand authors than he was before he
had read a single work on smallpox. They all talk much, but
make no point that is positively sure to be depended on by him
who wants an up-to-date truth proven by the facts of demon-
stration. One says vaccination immunes. Another says it does
not. Vaccination may prevent one-half from the contagion, but
does not prevent the virus from killing thousands with lock-
jaw, syphilis, gonorrhoea, and syphilitic tuberculosis. I would
like at this time to report that I had found some light on the
mysterious disease, smallpox. So far I am only able to report,
"Hold out your arm and take your poison." The doctor wants
fifty cents. I believe that if the fifty cents were taken out of
vaccination that the doctor gets and lives on, the practice would
die out. The doctor knows that he is as afraid of smallpox after

SMALLPOX. 279

his arm has been filled with cow-rot as he was before. He fears
that his immunity will not stand up to him when he gets in the
ring and boxes with smallpox.

When all the good has been said in favor of vaccination,
the world only learns that for years it has been a hopeless fail-
ure and so confirmed. If you go into towns and cities where
the most rigid systems to compel people to become vaccinated
exist, you will find just as much smallpox or more than
where than has been no vaccination at all. To-day, with all
the police force and cow-rot that has been forced into men,
women, and children, there is no less smallpox. I believe the
time is close at hand when forcible vaccination will not be nec-
essary, as a better method, and one that will do the work and
leave no bad effects as hi the case of vaccination with the cow,
horse, and other annual poisons, has been found. The dread
of disease and death by vaccination causes people to hesitate
to allow vaccine matter to be put into the arms of children
and older persons by military force. When they learn that a
fly blister as large as a fifty-cent piece on the arm will keep off
smallpox in all cases, there will be no fear nor trouble about
smallpox or vaccination.

STAND READY FOR THE FIGHT.

I have followed the history of the ravages of smallpox as
presented by the most learned historians of all ages as far back
as the pen of man has given any record of the malady. All have
said they do not know what it is nor how to stop its eternal
progress, knowing that it is in possession of the whole globe. I
am asked by students and graduates of the American School of
Osteopathy what I would advise them to do in case smallpox
should break out; would I advise them to stand, or "skip out"
and leave their patients, many or few, who did not have the
smallpox, to suffer and die? I advised them to agree with facts

280 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

already proven : that smallpox is an infectious disease, also con-
tagious; also that the statutes in many parts of the world
obliged both old and young to be vaccinated that the body
might be disinfected, and force all houses in which there had
been smallpox to be disinfected. Then the thought came that
the laws would be enforced to "prevent the spread" of the dis-
ease, and that vaccination was believed to be a reliable disin-
fectant to the body, and there was no choice but to show an
arm with marks of effective vaccination or of having taken a
dope of vaccine matter into the system, with syphilis, tuber-
culosis, leprosy, and all other diseases of man and beast which
are attributes of vaccine, killing nearly a million each year from
syphilitic and other diseases transmitted from diseased persons
and glandered horses and cattle from which the vaccine is taken.
A legal rot, and legally put in your arm and that of your wife
and child, to eat out your lungs with syphilis and your brain
with glanders. I say to all sensible persons : Wake up and
seek a deadly germicide to smallpox, and when you find any-
thing better than the rotten flesh of the horse or cow, I say, use
it, if you find it to be better than the old, or you are an osteo-
pathic coward. Our school was chartered and built to improve
on the old theories for man's good, and you must show it by
your works. Read the charter of your school every night
before you go to bed. It says "improve" on old theories.

A few words on germifuge, which, according to Dunglison,
means "to expel or drive away germs; any agent that will
destroy germs or micro-organisms or their spores, on which con-
tagious diseases may depend ; mercury chlorid, iodid, aluminium
acetate, sulfurous acid, heat at continuous temperature of 230
degrees and over." To find a successful germifuge for small-
pox has been the anxious study of the whole world for all time.
Prayer has been tried no good, no life saved. Jenner sought
to insert into the body a modified poison that would stay in the

SMALLPOX. 28l

system as a perpetual germifuge for smallpox. His idea was
good, but there is a doubt as to his choice of substances being
the best. A failure of all systems to meet and banish smallpox
stands recorded to-day. The osteopath is in the contest, and
to him the world looks for light and hopes for relief from
smallpox.

VICTORY IN A NEW GERMICIDE.

A successful hunt for an innocent and trustworthy germ-
icide for smallpox I felt confident would be successful early in
the twentieth century if we would expel the vaccine and do
some reasoning. Should an osteopathic doctor come in con-
tact with a case of smallpox, with the rash just breaking out,
would you recommend any medicines, palliatives in the drug
line, in the treatment? I would not. His remedies would be con-
fined to the nerves of the excretory system, which have proven
to be all that is necessary. Our success without drugs has been
very satisfactory in all cases treated and reported. In all cases
of smallpox that I met in my practice in the sixties and treated
with medicine, I could give only temporary relief by opiates.
I then believed that there was danger in stopping the fluids in
the system by sedatives. Diuretics alone seemed the best of
all. Fermentation of fluids seemed to be the dangerous condi-
tion to be avoided by a doctor of medicine or in any other sys-
tem of relief. I often think that death comes from poison
absorbed from diseased gases generated in the system. When
the fluids of the body are formed, they are chemically pure, full
of life, and should pass out and on for uses for which they are
designed. No delays can be tolerated after they are prepared
for use. It is only reasonable to look for fermentation of fluids
if delayed too long in the cellular system of nerves, of fascia, or
other parts or organs of the system. Thus death follows shocks
to the cellular system from any cause. A closing of cells with

282 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY

their fluids holds their contents, and this is followed by fermen-
tation. To ferment any substance will cost the life of all sub-
stances that are fermented, their organic life as such giving
place to the gases that are produced by fermentation. Thus a
complete vital change appears in all substances that ferment.
A collapse of cells comes with fermentation, which fills cells to
the point of rupture and deposits gas in the fascia to be passed
out by the porous system. A failure to exit through the skin
is followed by eruptive inflammation thus a pock. I think
we can reason fairly correctly when we begin with the lungs
and trace the poisonous seeds, fumes, or gases of smallpox as
they are inhaled by the lungs, taken into the air-cells of the
lungs, where the nerve-terminals in the mucous membrane, with
open mouths, receive and convey nutrition to the nerve-cells
for their action and uses. If the terminals receive pure food,
good work will naturally follow ; but if food has poisons instead,
then Nature would not be true to itself if it did not build dis-
eased conditions of diseased matter. Thus we know how and
why the pock is builded of diseased matter. A little leaven
leaveneth the whole lump. This leaven was conceived in the
lungs and became the champion over life by distributing the
leaven through the whole system or lump, beginning with the
air-cells of the lungs and ending with the cells of gas, fat-cells,
and lymphatic cells of the system, the nerves, blood-supply of
the superficial fascia, and the cellular system of blood- and
nerve- supply of the skin that covers the entire body. Thus we
see a little yeast has been magnified and added to. The system
has gone through its deadly ferment.

WHAT SMALLPOX DOES.

Smallpox does its deadly work by closing the cystic and
lymphatic ducts. The reader will see that if a cylinder is closed
at both ends whilst that tube is filled with animal fluids, death

SMALLPOX. 283

to the fluids will occur. Then fermentation will set up and
inflate both tube and cyst, which will cause a rupture and col-
lapse of lymphatic ducts and force the contents into the cellu-
lar membranes of the fascia, which form pus from dead fluids
of the adjacent region. The fumes or vital ether, when inhaled
by the lungs, would naturally be taken up as nourishment by
the nerve-terminals of the lungs and conveyed directly to the
nerve-cells. Thus the seeds of smallpox are soon conveyed to the
cells of the fascia, then by the lymphatics to the whole gland-
ular system, so that the places of entry are easily reached by
the living virus of variola. Then its vital action has the aid of
the whole system of nerves, including the motor, the sensory,
and the nutritive, to continue the process to completion of all
the work from conception to the complete smallpox. All this
we know before we understand how to treat the disease suc-
cessfully. If we know where the cut-off is, then we are at ease
as to what to do to let out dead fluids, even after the eruption
has appeared, and know how to do it. All fluids are conveyed
through the body by arteries, veins, lymphatics, and excre-
tory and secretory ducts. Let us take a case for reason and
relief a case that has gone on to the eruptive stage. Can we do
any good? Had we better leave the patient and make no effort
to relieve the sufferer? Before you can give an honest answer
to this grave question, you must know the body in all its parts
and functions. You must be correct on the lymphatic and
cellular systems. You must reason that the lymphatics must
never stop action by closure of tubes. Remember that a lym-
phatic duct is full of lymph that must be taken to the nerves
for constructive purposes, and delayed lymph or chyle in any
tube or cell dies, ferments, inflames, and forms pus, which proc-
ess is death to the surrounding flesh, all being the effect of the
shock given to the system from virus poison taken up by per-
ipheries and conveyed to the nerve-cells. We should look out

284 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

for free action of cellular and lymphatic systems ; we are com-
bating constriction in all cases of variola. The constriction of
nerves and muscles is the force that shuts down circulation and
retains fluids to deadly decay.

TREATMENT OF SMALLPOX.

As all evidences obtainable by human reason point directly
to the lungs and to the womb-like cells as the place in which
the virus of smallpox deposits its seed for growth, from concep-
tion to fully developed smallpox, to combat this malady suc-
cessfully we must philosophize and select the nerves that deal
with sensation, motion, nutrition, and the voluntary and invol-
untary forces of the lungs. Because of the demand that is on
the excretory nerves to disgorge the lymphatics and cells of the
system, the same nerve-cells may be strengthened by nourishing
food, taken up by the peripheral system of nerves of the lungs
and conveyed to the nerve-cells of the lungs and on to the whole
system. Then we have force to take up vitality in place of the
poisonous compound that is being generated by the deadly fluids
as the vital fumes of smallpox form and throw off and are tak-
en up by the absorbent vessels. Thus we have given Nature a
chance to strengthen its energies to purify the body by casting
out the dead substances, after which nutrition is in full posses-
sion, with power and pure material to repair the injurious work
following constriction, congestion, inflammation, and pus-forma-
tion. Let us examine the neck carefully, and see if it is con-
stricted. If so, we have a disease of constriction, and are war-
ranted in addressing our attention to the vaso-constrictors. We
must modify that constriction* by adjusting the bones of the
neck, that the famishing nerves may be quieted by arterial nutri-
tious blood. We must also address our attention to the dilators,
which control the quantity of blood that should or does pass
through them, and relieve the fascia of impacted lymphatic

SMALLPOX. 285

cells and increase the circulation of blood through the fascia of
the whole system. Thus we are applying our remedies to the
neck, where the mischief is being done by the abnormal condi-
tion of the vaso-constrictor and vaso-dilator nerves. As the
constrictor nerves of the neck are the most important in treating
smallpox, and as the reason why has just been given, we will
continue the exploration to the dorsal, lumbar, and sacral
nerves. Give much attention to the upper dorsal system for
the relief of the lungs from the constriction that exists to a pow-
erful degree, during the process from gestation to the period of
convalescence and complete recovery. When the vital fumes
of smallpox are conveyed from the periphery to the mater-
nal nerve-cells of the lungs, they cause a shock by irritation,
which causes constricture of the sphincter system of cells,
and retains this vital ether for the purpose of adding to the
germ of smallpox nutriment which develops a sufficient quan-
tity of this vital gas to supply the whole system with the yeast
of development to all fluid cells from lymph to chyle. Thus
it is ready to enter and proceed successfully with its deadly war
with all that is vital in the human system. As it lives upon
vitality and must be deposited in the most vital parts of the
system for development, we see as a result that it consumes
this vitality in the whole system, and the effect is what we call
death. There is no doubt about the fact that if the excretory
system of cells, glands, and lymphatics is greatly impeded in
throwing waste fluids of the body, accumulation follows, then
fermentation, with inflammation added to congestion and fer-
mentation. By this time all the cells are filled with dead mat-
ter, fluids, and gases. All glands of the body become loaded
with inflamed fluids and are burning with fever; then all lym-
phatics and nerves of the superficial fascia and its blood-vessels
and porous systems are overcome by irritation and pressure by
the bulky deposits in the superficial fascia; then follows the

286 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

preparation to get this dead pus out of the fascia. To do this,
the excretory ducts must be enlarged. Boils form in the skin
and rot out holes to drain the fascia where the great mischief of
smallpox is done.

GOOD NURSING.

After the rash appears, the doctor can do but little more
than nurse, feed, and look to comfortable rooms, dress boils,
and such other work as the condition may suggest to his judg-
ment and experience. Look after the nerves of motion of the
lower dorsal, the nerves of the neck, and also the lumbar nerves.
The renal nerves keep the veins free to drain in fullest flow.
Let the patient smell for a few full breaths a handkerchief with
ten or twelve drops of cantharidin. Never take more than
three full breaths from the handkerchief at a tune, and not
oftener than twice a day, and not more than three days in suc-
cession, for fear of irritating the lungs too much by the canthar-
ides that is in the tincture. A few breaths of tincture of can-
tharidin dropped on a handkerchief will act on the breath and
start the kidneys to active draining, and also cause the lym-
phatics of the fascia to throw out their contents. Before the
doctor of osteopathy enters a room of smallpox, he must take
time to allow a blister as large as a dollar to draw on the out-
side of his arm about three inches above the elbow. I would
not have any fear of even confluent smallpox after my arm had
a well-drawn blister. It will hold you immune to all danger.
I believe I am perfectly safe in so advising osteopaths or all
people, for that matter. Why does man take smallpox, and
why is his dog immune to the disease, both having been exposed
at the same time? Because all animals below the man have
musks of immunity that are more powerful ttian the fumes
or germs of smallpox, measles, mumps, cholera, yellow fever,
and so on to the general list of human ills. Nature has fur-

SMALLPOX. 287

nished the flesh-eating birds, animals, and reptiles with protect-
ive musks or germifuge. Many can be smelled one mile or
more. Any wild beast or bird can eat the most putrid flesh
of the dead mad-dog, smallpox, or leper with perfect safety.
They would be failures in nature if they would take smallpox
or hydrophobia and get wild and die. We would soon be with-
out the buzzard or any other scavenger to clean the earth of
putrescence. But, as man's germicidal powers cannot resist
the smallpox, he must try to arm himself with an artificial sub-
stitute, which I believe we can do and have done with wonder-
ful success in the use of the cantharidin as now reported in
hundreds of cases. It creates an infectious fever that is inno-
cent in after-effects, and will hold full possession of the body
and defend it from all other infections whilst it has possession,
and be a perfect immunity to smallpox at last.

I believe all immunities are based on the philosophy or law
of possession. "Possession is nine points of the law," and is
just as good hi contagious infections as in governments or any
forceful possession of property or power.

AN APPLICATION OF THIS PRINCIPLE.
If you have measles hi your body, it will hold the body and
defy all contagions to enter while it has possession. We have
no report from history of any person taking the mumps, meas-
les, chicken-pox, or any contagion during the time that small-
pox has possession of the body and is doing its work as an
infectious disease. I believe we have a reasonable philosophy
in the use of cantharidin. Start an infectious and innocent
fever that will defy the entry of variolus poisons and hold
man, woman, and child perfctly safe amidst smallpox, mumps,
measles, and other contagions. This treatise of the subject of
smallpox is given for you to ponder on it. I believe the days
of smallpox are numbered hi the minds of osteopaths who can
and do reason.

288 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

MEASLES.,

Let me ask, What is the measles? How does it get in and
out of the body? Well, it is some kind of poison that comes
out of the lungs of another person, who has poison in his system
that has gotten strong enough to poison two people. That
poisoned air was breathed from No. i by No. 2. When the
poisoned air was taken into the lungs of No. 2, the nerve-
terminals of the lungs took in the poison by the periphery and
carried it to the nerve-cells. Then the work of growth of the
poison began in the cells, and, multiplying, carried on its poison
to the nerve-cells of the lymphatics of the deep and superficial
fascia, which did the rest of the work by fermentation.

If disease is so highly attenuated, so ethereal, and pene-
trable in quality, and multiple in atoms, and a breath of air, two
quarts or more, are taken into the lungs fully charged with con-
tagion, how many thousand air-cells could be impregnated by
one single breath ? Say we take a case of measles into a school-
room of sixty pupils, in a warm and poorly oxygenized atmos-
phere all day, would not the living gas thrown off from active
measles enter and irritate the air-cells and close the most irri-
table cells with the poisonous gas retained for active devel-
opment in those womb-like departments in the lungs?

Now you have the seeds in thousands of cells, which are as
vital and well supplied by nerves and blood as the womb itself.
Would not reason see the development of millions more of the
vital beings who get their nourishment from the vitality found
in the human fascia, which comes nearer to the surface in the
lungs than in any other part of the system, except it be the
womb?

In proof of the certainty of measles being taken up by the
lungs at one breath and caught by the secretions and conveyed
to the universal system of fascia to develop the contagion, I will
give the case of one of my boys who was sick with a cold, as I

SMALLPOX. 289

supposed. The symptoms were watering of eyes, cough, fever,
and headache. He was in the country about eight miles from
home, and on our return he stopped to get his books at a small
school-house. He ran in, picked up his books that were lying
upon the desk, walked the length of the room, which was about
forty feet, was not there over half a minute, and in just nine days
forty- two children broke out with measles. So certain is con-
tagion to be taken up by the nerves and vitalizing fluids of the
fascia.

It seems that all the fascia needs to develop anything is to
have the substance planted in its arms for construction; the
work will be done, labeled, and handed out for inspection by
the inspectors of all works.

A COMPARISON.

In smallpox the motor energy must be equal to the force
that would convey albumin through all tissues. In measles it
would be less, and so on according to the thickness of the fluids
present. The power to drive dead fluids from fascia must be
much greater in smallpox than in cases of measles. We see
why the pulse of smallpox is so powerful during development
of the pox. After killing the fluids by retention in the fascia of
the skin, a still greater force is created by injury to the nerve-
fibers of the fascia. Then the motor energy appears, and all
the powers of life combine to help the arteries force the fluids
through the skin and push them to the fascia of the skin to be
eliminated. In some parts elimination fails; such places are
called pocks. They suppurate and drop out, leaving a pit, the
pock-mark. Now had the nerves of the skin and fascia not been
irritated, contracting the skin m opposition to the fascia pass-
ing its dead fluids through the excretory ducts of the skin, we
probably would have had no eruption. Is it not quite reason-
able to conclude that after the heart overloads the fascia and
the nerves lose their control by pressure of fluids, all that is

2QO PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

left is chemical action to the production of pus, which throws
it out of the fascia in intervening spaces? Then, should the fas-
cia have greater destruction of its substances, we have one spot
running into others, and we have "confluent smallpox."

SCARLET FEVER.

As defined by allopathy: "Scarlet fever begins with a
short period of tired feeling. A short period of chilly sensation,
fullness of eyes, and sore throat. In a few hours fever begins
with great heat in back of head. It soon extends all over the
body. Sick stomach and vomiting generally accompany the dis-
ease. Rash of a red color begins on the back, and extends to
the throat and limbs. About the second or third day the fever is
very high, from 100 to 104, and generally lasts to the fifth or
seventh day, at which time fever begins to diminish, with itch-
ing over the body. The skin at this time throws off all the
dead scales that had been red rash in the fore part of the dis-
ease. Often the lining membranes of the mouth, throat, and
tonsils slough and bleed. Also pus is often formed just under
the skin in front of the throat. Such cases usually die." The
latter is very true if treated by a drug practitioner.

Scarlet fever, as defined by osteopathy, is a disease gener-
ally of the early spring and late fall seasons. Generally it comes
with cold and damp weather during east winds. It begins
with sore throat, chilly and tired feelings, followed with head-
ache and vomiting. In a few hours the chilly feeling leaves
and a high fever sets in. The patient is rounded in chest, abdo-
men, face, and limbs by congestion of the fascia and all of the
lymphatic glands. This stagnation will soon begin its work of
fermentation of the fluids of fascia, then you see the rash. If you
do not want to see the rash and sloughing of throat, with a dead
patient, I would advise you to train your guns on the blood,
nerves, and lymphatics of the fascia and stop the cause at once,
or quit.

CHAPTER XIII.

Obesity.

WHEN REASON BEGINS.

When we eat and drink, we do so because we get hungry.
We do that for many years before we try to reason why we
grow from small to large-sized bodies, of bone and muscle. We
get too fat or too lean, we gain or lose in flesh. We are some-
times with tolerably good strength, but usually strength is lost.
We know we are not what we have been; we are much larger,
but have little strength. So much we know and stop. We are
fat or lean, but we do not know why. We eat and drink about
the same kind of diet. Now we want to lose the surplus fat,
or add enough to get back to our old standard of size and
strength.

A DYSPEPTIC CONDITION.

In trying to reason on the cause of these conditions, 7 am
forced, in conclusion, to believe that these deposits of fat are
the effect of a dyspeptic condition of the nerves of nutrition of
the fascia, which should consume such fluids, and digest and
appropriate the same to the energies and strength of the body.
That failure to take up, digest, and use as fast as the supplies
come is the cause of the filling up of oily fluids in the spongy
tissues under the skin and through the body. I believe the
maternal process is cut off from the spinal cord at the place
where such energies issue from the cord. We must learn just
where such interference is located, and treat for the renewal of

292 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

the forces ; then we can reasonably hope to see the fat consumed
and corpulency reduced by the process of normal consumption.
Now we have arrived at the point to locate and establish
our observations. We want a clear and unobstructed view of
the subject that we are about to explore, that we may arrive
at a satisfactory and philosophical conclusion. We must have
facts to build upon or our foundation will surely give way.
We must have two persons of unnatural conditions, the one
abnormally fat, the other abnormally lean. One is too great
in size, the other with a very dwarfed condition of the whole
system. The first thing necessary to a foundation to a philo-
sophical observatory is knowledge on the "hows" and "whys"
of animal construction ; of supplies, how consumed and appro-
priated, and what dispositon is made of this material after
being appropriated. We should carefully inspect the machin-
ery of digestion, the machinery of construction, the machinery
of renovation, and must thoroughly know these three proc-
esses. Then we are confronted with the question, Why is it
that two persons eating at the same table, one will take up and
deposit flesh-making substances to burdensome abnormality,
while the other takes on no flesh at all. Is not this surplus
amount of fat an evidence of a dyspeptic condition of the nerves
of force and action? Have not the nerves failed to drink this
fatty fluid and convert it into motor energy, and when done
with such substances, to convert them into gaseous fluids and
expel them from the body? Certainly the far-reaching tele-
scope of a well-trained philosopher can readily behold the cause,
and he can form his conclusion that both variations are dyspep-
tics The one should be treated to take up more of the sub-
stances, and the other should be treated in such a manner as to
cause him to burn up hi the furnace of life all fuel sent there by
Nature to keep it hot and in motion. Now we are ready to
apply and exhibit with judgment the skill of a physiological

OBESITY. 293

engineer. If we understand the physiological processes of the
preparation of substances, which when prepared are taken up
and delivered to their proper places, and if we understand when
those substances have supplied the natural energies and when
they are placed into excretory ducts and carried away, then we
are on the right line of reason, as engineers of the human body,
to keep down unnatural deposits.

SUPPLY AND DEMAND.

As we proceed with our mental labor in discussion of why
the system does not use the fat-substances as fast as delivered,
we will be wise to confine our mental powers more carefully to
inspect for better acquaintance just what power at the place
of delivery fails to work up the fluid before it hardens to the
degree of flesh. As we reason, such questions as these natu-
rally arise : Do the nerves of the fascia have anything to do in
constructing muscle or any other physical forms? If so, do
they connect directly with the spinal cord? Do they become
obstructed so as to suspend their functional action? How
much suspension of nerve-power will drop life so low that it will
not receive, prepare, and appropriate this fat-substance and
prevent bulky accumulation? Then another question: How
low a degree of nerve-vibration marks or would mark on the
scale of nerve-action just when the body can no longer receive
this crude material and go on with its process of taking up,
digesting, and qualifying this fluid to enter the higher degrees
of functional action? The doctors of past ages have been fail-
ures because of their inability or simple failure to prosecute an
acquaintance with the functions of physical action along the
line which the foregoing has indicated. If you have given
close attention and made yourself thoroughly acquainted with
anatomy, physiology, and the suggestions they present, you
will need no further explanation to know the cause and cure of
obesity and atrophy.

CHAPTER XIV.

Ear-Wax and Its Uses.

NATURE MAKES NOTHING IN VAIN.

That Nature makes nothing in vain is an established truth
in the minds of all persons whose observation has created in
them a desire to reason. That having been my faith for many
years, I tried to discover why Nature had made and placed in
man's head so much fine machinery just to make a little ear-
wax. If "nothing is made in vain," what is that bitter stuff
made for? It is always there. I have read many authors on
ear-wax, and about the best the wise or unwise have said is that
it would keep bugs and other insects out of our heads. I thought
if that was all that it was made for, that Nature had done a
great deal to "shoo" off the bugs. The idea that it was made
bitter to the taste just to make bugs sick was, in my opinion, a
weak philosophy, if Nature has never done any useless work or
made anything in vain. At this time I saw the doors open and
a good chance for the loaded mind to become unloaded and
give us other uses for ear-wax than as a bug food and a lubri-
cant for auditory nerves. In my search to find some more rea-
sonable use or object that Nature had in forming so much deli-
cate machinery for this product, I reasoned that this dry, hard
wax was once in a gaseous or fluid state.

I had, previous to this, about concluded to sit down with
the rest of the doctors and say that wax was wax, when I was
called to attend a fat boy of two summers who was reported
to me to be dying with croup. I began to think more about

EAR-WAX AND ITS USES. 295

the dry wax that is always found in cases of croup, sore throat,
tonsillitis, pneumonia, and all diseases of the lungs, nose, and
head. On examination, I found the ear-wax dried up. So I
put a few drops of glycerine, and after a minute's tune a few
drops of warm water, in the child's head, and kept a wet rag
corked into its ear at intervals for twelve hours, and gave it
osteopathic treatment. At the end of twelve hours all signs of
croup had disappeared. To soften the wax, I used the glycer-
ine, which, combining with the water, formed a harmless soap,
better qualified for washing the ear and retaining the wax in
solution than anything I have tried; for it is my opinion that
the ear-wax should be kept in a fluid state. When in that state,
the cells can more readily take it up and use it in the economy
of life.

AN EXPERIMENT.

The same day two ladies came to my house, sore hi lungs,
necks tied up, sore throats, fevers, and headache. As an exper-
iment, in addition to osteopathic treatment, I put a few drops
of glycerine into their ears, and followed it with water with
which to soften and moisten the wax, which was hard and dry.
Both were relieved of their sore lungs and throats in a short
time, and hi twenty-four hours they were about well, and the
lungs were coughing out phlegm easily.

From this I think that the cause of croup is largely the
result of abnormality of the cerumen system. As the question
of the uses of ear-wax has been before man for ages without an
answer given that passes the line of conjecture, I think there
can be no reason why a few looks through the field-glass of
inquiry should not be given in a limited way on that great plane
of fertility. As far as the writer can learn from reading and
from other methods of inquiry, the power and use of ear-wax
has never been known, looked for, or thought of as one of life's

296 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

agents for good or bad health. Some one asks this question,
"Why are you talking about ear-wax the filthy stuff?" In
answer, I ask, "What do you know about ear-wax?" The an-
swer comes, "I don't know or care anything about the stuff."
As my spleen is my organ of mirth, I let it bounce against my
side a few times at such ignorance, and decide to give the wax
subject more study than ever. I began to read all the books I
could find on anatomy, physiology, and histology, for knowl-
edge of the machinery that the wise Architect of that greatest
of all temples had made to generate wax. A conviction came
to me to be sure of its uses before I gave an opinion. We find
the center of nerve-supply of the ears located at the base of the
brain and side of the head, in front of the cerebellum, just below
and near the center of the brain, a little above the foramen
magnum, close to and behind the carotid arteries, deep and
superficial, just above the entry of the spinal cord to the brain.
Thus it is situated directly in communication with all nerves to
and from the brain to every part of the body. Another ques-
tion came, and another, only to come and go without an answer,
such as : How and where is this wax made ? Of what use is it?
Why so bitter? Has it any living principle? Is it produced
in the brain, lymphatics, fascia, heart, lungs, nerves, or where?
How much of it would kill a man? Would it kill at all? What
is it made for ? Is it used by the nerves as food, or used by lungs,
heart, or any organ as an active principle in the magnetic or
electric forces? So far all authors are silent, not even offering
a speculative opinion on how it is made and its uses. So far
we have received nothing that would cause a man to think that
the Creator had any great design when He made so wisely con-
structed machinery and gave it such a prominent place.

MAKE HASTE SLOWLY.

By this time the reader begins to mentally ask, "What
does this wax evangelist know about the wax and its uses?" I

EAR-WAX AND ITS USES. 297

wish to observe and respect all nature, and never be too hasty.
My aim is to carefully explore all, and never leave until I find
the cause and use that Nature's hand has placed in its work-
ings, never overlooking small packages, as they often contain
precious gems. I am sure no man of brilliant mind can pass
this milepost and not hitch his team and do some precious load-
ing. At this point my pen will give notice to all anatomists,
histologists, chemists, and physiologists, that I will give "no
sleep or slumber to their eyes " until I hear from them an an
swer, yes or no, to these questions: For what purpose did
God make ear-wax? Is it food or refuse? If food, what is nour-
ished by it ? And how do you know your position is true and
undebatable ?

Life means existence. Existence means subsistence. Sub-
sistence means something to subsist upon, and of the degree of
refinement to suit the skilled work which is found marked on
the trestleboard of the wisest of all builders, Whose work is
absolutely correct in form and action, and beautiful to behold.
It calls out the admiration of man and God himself, Who did
say of man: "Not only good, but very good."

A GREAT PROBLEM.

I consider ear-wax one of the most important questions
before the minds of our physiologists. The first and only knowl-
edge of this substance begins with the observer's eye, when he
beholds the dry wax as it is excreted and dropped into the cavi-
ties of the ear. A question arises, and stands without answer :
Is this substance which is commonly called ear-wax, technically
called cerumen, dead, or is it alive while in this visible form?
If dead, why and how did it loose its life? Why has it not been
consumed if once a living substance? When alive, is it in the
gaseous or fluid state? And when alive and consumed as
nutriment by the system, what does it nourish? These are

298 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

questions for the philosopher's attention; not his superficial,
but his deepest thought. Why is it deposited in the center of
the brain, if not to impart its vital principle to all nerves inter-
ested in life and nutrition, both physical and vital? Its loca-
tion, in itself, would indicate its importance. Another thought
is, that no better place could be selected in which to establish
and locate a universal supply office for the laborers of all parts
of the whole superstructure. Another question arises : When
we examine a person paralyzed on one side, why do we find
this bread of life in such great quantities and not consumed?
Have not one-half of the brain and the nerves of that whole side,
limbs and all, lost their power of digestion? Is hemiplegia a
dyspepsia of the nerves of nutriment of the brain and organs of
that side? If so, we have some foundation on which to build
an answer why this wax is not consumed and is dried up in the
ears of the paralytic. The answer would be, that nutrition is
suspended.

DIFFERENCES IN SEVERITY.

Let us take croup, diphtheria, scarlet fever, la grippe, and
all classes of colds on to pneumonia. They present about the
same symptoms, differing more in degrees of severity than of
place. All affect the tonsils, nostrils, membranous air-pass-
ages, and lungs in about the same way. Croup exceeds, by con-
tracting the trachea enough to impede the passing of air to the
lungs. Diphtheria has more swelling of the tonsils, throat,
and glands of the neck, but all depend upon the same blood-
and nerve-supply, or a general law of blood-supply beginning
with the arteries to the veins, lymphatics, glands, and ducts, to
supply and take away all fluids that are of no farther use for
vital and material support. As all authors have agreed that
the brain furnishes the propelling forces to the nerves, it would
be proper to inquire how the brain is nourished. The great

EAR-WAX AND ITS USES. 299

cerebral system of arteries supplies the brain, to which it gives
materials of all fluids and electric and magnetic forces, which
must be generated in the brain. Then a question arises: If
the heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, lymphatics, kidneys, and all
parts of the body depend upon the brain for power, what do
they give in return ? If they give back anything, it must be of
the kind of material of the organ from whence it comes. Each
must help to keep up the universal harmony by furnishing its
mite of its own kind. Suppose lung fever is the effect of lack
of renal salts ; where would be a better place from which to dis-
patch to renal organs than the ears, to reach the brain and
touch the nerve that connects with the sympathetic ganglion?
Suppose we take the cerumen, in its fluid state, from the
ears, by secretions to the lungs, and see the action of air and
other substances on it, and it on them. We may safely look
for a general action of some kind. If it be magnetic food, we
will see the magnetic power shown hi the lungs and through
the whole system, vitalizing all organs and functions of life.
Thus the lymphatics will be moved to wash out impurities and
the nutritive nerves will rebuild, lost energy. As but little is
known or said of how or where the cerumen is formed, we will
guess it is formed under the skin in the fascia and conveyed to
the ears by the secretory ducts. Its place and how it is man-
ufactured are not questions of as great importance as its use in
disease and health. I have reason to believe I have found a
reliable pointer for the cause of croup, diphtheria, and pneu-
monia ; also a rational cure which any mother can appropriate,
and thus save her babe from choking to death in her arms.
Having witnessed croup in all its deadly work for fifty years, and
seen the best skill of each year and generation fail to save, or
even give relief, I lost all hope, and began to believe there was
no help, and that the doctor was only one more witness to the
scene of death and carnage found along the mysterious road

300 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

that croup travels in its destruction of the babes of the earth.
Of late days we have new and different names for the disease ;
but, alas ! it kills the babes just as it did before it was called
diphtheria, la grippe, and so on.

WRITTEN FOR THE HOME

I write this more for the mothers than for the critics. I
say to you mothers, as you are not osteopaths, you are per-
fectly safe in putting glycerine in a child's ears. It is made
from oils and fats. I believe when the wax is not consumed
it clogs up the excretories with dead matter, and the irritation
of the nerves of the throat, neck, lungs, and lymphatics give
cause for the swelling of the tonsils and glands of the neck. I
see wisdom hi treating croup from the nerve-centers of the
brain. The uses and importance of healthy ear-wax as a cure
for disease has not had the attention of any author on disease
or physiology, so far as I can find. I hope time and atten-
tion may lead us to a better knowledge of cures for diphtheria,
croup, scarlet fever, and all diseases of the throat and lungs.
My experience up to date with such diseases, when treated as
indicated, by keeping the ear-wax in a fluid state, has been
very encouraging. Though it has been but a short time since
I began treatment by this method, it has proven successful
with both the young and old

As all authors so far seem silent, even on the subject of when
or how the wax is formed, we must resort to careful investigation
to find the relation of the cerumen system to health. To intel-
ligently acquaint the mother with this treatment, who does not
understand anatomy sufficiently to give osteopathic treatment
for croup, diphtheria, and so on, I will say : Take a soft cloth,
wet, and wash the child's neck and rub gently down from the
ears to the breast and shoulders; keep the ears moistened, fre-
quently dropping glycerine into them. Use glycerine, because

EAR-WAX AND ITS USES. 3OI

it will mix with the water and dissolve the wax, while sweet oil
and other oils will not do so.

No TIME FOR DEBATE.

On one occasion I was called to see a babe having malig-
nant croup in its worst form. I examined its ears to see the
condition of the wax. I had noticed in consumptives that
some cases had great quantities of dry wax in one or both ears,
but up to this time I had not thought of such deposits as be-
ing an evidence of lost or suspended action of the nerves that
manufactured cerumen and sustained vitality. In this case I
found the wax dry and very hard, with considerable swell-
ing and hardness in the region of the ears, Eustachian tubes,
and tonsils. I reasoned that the excretory duct had become
clogged, and that by the wax being retained in ducts and glands
an irritation of the nerves of the cervical lymphatics had caused
contraction near the head, and had produced congestion of the
lymphatics, of the pneumogastric, and cut off the nerve-supply
from the lungs. Believing this to be very likely, I concluded
to act on the above line of reasoning and see if I could give
some relief. I did not stop to debate why the wax was hard
and dry, but how to soften the wax was the question of import-
ance to me then. So I proceeded. I reasoned that soap and
water would be the best treatment to clean the ears and soften
the wax. At this point the selection of the best make of soap
was desired, so I took pure glycerine and water, dropped in a
few drops, and took a small roll of cloth moistened in warm
water and pushed it into the ears to keep them wet. In a few
minutes I dampened and inserted soft cloth corks into the
child's ears. I twisted the corks around in the ears to mix the
water and wax to a softened condition. In a few minutes I got
the wax softened, and the child coughed up phlegm easily, and
when came the dreaded hour, ten o'clock at night, all danger
had passed.

CHAPTER XV.

Convulsions.

OLD SYSTEMS UNRELIABLE.

I have been trying to unfold, and feel I have succeeded in
unfolding to a better understanding, natural laws; laws which
should be our guide and action in treating all diseases that mar
the peace and happiness of the human race by misery and death.
Old systems, with their unreliable suggestions to guide the doc-
tor in treating diseases, have proven unworthy of respect, if
merit is to be the rule of the weights and measures of intelligence.
I have become so disgusted with the verbiage and nonsense
that follow the pens on treatises on disease that I have con-
cluded, for the time being, to give names that may appear
novel to the reader, as I draw his attention to a knowledge of
the mysteries hitherto unsolved and unexplained. We have
panned and washed along the suggestions of the medical author-
ities, and have obtained no gold.

There are two very large and powerful rivers passing fluids
in opposite directions over a territory that I will call the Klon-
dike of life. This territory is bounded on the east by a gre.it
wall, which, according to the old books, is called the diaphragm.
Through this wall courses a great river of life that spreads all
over the plains of the anterior lumbar region. On that plain
we find a great system of perfect irrigation of cities, villages,
and fertile soils of life. This region of country covers one of
the greatest and most fertile fields of life-producing elements,
and places its products on the thoroughfares, and sends them

CONVULSIONS. 303

back over the great central railroad, the thoracic duct, from
lymphatics of the abdomen, to the heart and lungs, to be con-
verted into a higher order of living matter. When refined
there, it is called blood, and is used to sustain its own machin-
ery, and all other machines of the body. What would be the
effect on life and health if we should cut off, dam up, or sus-
pend the flow of the aorta as it descends close to the vena cava
and thoracic duct as they return with their contents through
the diaphragm on their journey to the heart and lungs? And
after having supplied the plain, what would be the effect if the
vena cava and its system of drainage, and the thoracic duct,
should be dammed up so that chyle and blood could not be car-
ried to the heart and lungs for renewal and purification and
changes? How much thought would it require to see that by
stopping the arterial flow or that of the vena cava, an irritating
and famishing condition would ensue, with congested veins,
lymphatics, and all organs of the abdomen, causing fermenta-
tion, congestion, and inflammation, which in time cause con-
fusion and conditions that have long been a mystery, and have
been called typhoid fever, dysentery, bilious fever, periodical
spasms, and so on through the whole list of general and special
diseases.

PANNING FOR GOLD.

I would advise the practicing osteopath to do some very
careful panning up and down the rivers of the Klondike, for if
you fail to find gold, and much of it, you would better spend
the remainder of your life where reason dwelleth not. Ever
remember that ignorance of the geography and customs of this
country is the wet powder of success.

FITS.

We often see persons afflicted with fits or falling sick-
ness, which the doctor has failed to cure. What is a fit? For

304 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

want of better knowledge, we have an established theory that
"hysteria" is purely a woman's imagination, and, as we must
respect old theories, we will call it a fit of meanness. This and
other theories we have had for breakfast, dinner, and supper,
year in and year out, and we are asked to respect such trash
because of "established theories." We are instructed by the
universal "all" of the various medical schools to proceed to
punish her with a wet towel, well twisted and administered
freely, more comprehensively expressed by the term " spanker,"
and spank her very much. The American School of Osteopathy
has made a departure, however, and has issued orders to "wal-
lop," and "wallop" very freely, the empty-headed schools and
theories that have no more sense than to torture a sick person,
and do so only to disguise their ignorance of the cause of her
disease. This ignorance is shown by the name of the spas-
modic effect that has been given by the little book of guess-
work, generally called and known as " symptomatology."

Not a single author has hinted or in any way intimated
that the cause of her disease is a failure of the passing of the
blood, chyle, and other substances to and from the abdomen
to nourish and renovate the abdominal viscera, that are dis-
eased owing to a lapsed diaphragm, which would cause resist-
ance to the blood-flow in the aorta, through which passes the
arterial blood, and the vena cava, through which the venous
blood returns. There must also be interference with the flow
from the receptaculum chyli.

The afflicted one is intoxicated. Here is where she gets a
poisonous alcohol, and will never be relieved permanently until
the "wet towel" of reason has been slapped on both sides of the
attending physician's head, so he can hear the squeezing and
rattling of regurgitation, and the straining and creaking of the
fluids in their effort to pass through the diaphragm. Until he
learns this, I would apply the "wet towel" of reason to the doc-

CONVULSIONS. 305

tor, for fear he might become lukewarm in his studies and give his
patient a hypodermic injection of morphine, which is the advice
given at one of the recent conventions of medical men, who
practice "old established " theories rather than be honest enough
to say, "The woman is sick and I know it, but I do not know the
cause of her trouble."

WHAT Is A FIT?

If God's judgment is to be respected, a fit is the life-saving
step and move, perfectly natural, perfectly reasonable, and it
should be respected and received as divinely wise, because on
that natural action which is thus produced on the constrictor
nerves first, then the muscles, veins, nerves, and arteries with
all their centers. It appears that the vital fluids have all been
used up or consumed by the sensory system, and in order to be
temporarily replenished, this convulsion shows its natural use
by squeezing vital fluids from all parts of the body to nour-
ish and sustain the sensory system, which has been emptied by
mental and vital action, until death would have been inevitable
without this convulsing element to supply the sensory system,
though it may be but for a short time.

The oftener fits come the oftener the nutrient part of the
sensory system cries aloud in its own though unmistakable
language, that it must have nourishment that it may run the
machinery of life, or it must give up the ghost and die. In
this dire extremity and struggle for life, it has asked the motor
system to suspend its action, use its power, and squeeze out of
any part of the whole body, though it be the brain itself, a few
drops of cerebro-spinal fluid, or anything higher or lower, so it
may live.

Those of you who are acquainted with the fertile fields
which we have here referred to will be enabled to furnish the
sensory system with such nutriment as will not make it neces-

306 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATBHY.

sary to appeal to you through the language used by the uncon-
scious convulsions with all their horrible contortions.

You surely see with the microscope of reason that the sen-
sory nerves must be constantly nourished, and that all nutri-
ment for the nerves must be obtained from the abdomen,
though its propelling force should come directly from the brain.
The nerve-course from the brain must be unobstructed from
the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and on through
the whole spinal cord. We must have a normal neck, a normal
back, and normal ribs, which means to an osteopath careful
work, with a power to know and a mind to reason that the work
is done wisely to a finish. I hope that with these suggestions
you will go on with the investigation to a satisfactory degree of
success.

RIB DISLOCATIONS.

I wish to insert a short paragraph on a few effects follow-
ing a downward, forward, and outward dislocation of the four
upper ribs on either side. We have been familiar with asthma,
goitre, pen paralysis, shaking palsy, spasms, and heart diseases
of various kinds. We have been as familiar with the existence
of those abnormal variations as we are with the rising and the
setting of the sun. Our best philosophers on diseases and
causes have elaborately compiled and published their conclu-
sions, and the world has carefully perused with deep interest
what they have said of all these diseases and of diseases of
the lungs. We are left, however, in total darkenss as to the
cause of those diseases, as well as of fits, insanity, loss of voice,
brachial agitans, and many other diseases of the chest, neck,
and head. As the field is open for any philosopher to make
known the results of his observations, I will avail myself of this
opportunity and say in a very few words that I have found no

CONVULSIONS. 307

one of these diseases to have an existence without some varia-
ation of the first few of the upper ribs of the chest. With this
I will leave farther exploration in the hands of other persons,
and await the reports of their observations pro and con.

CHAPTER XVI.

Obstetrics.

MORNING SICKNESS.

When a woman disregards the laws of Nature to such an
extent as to overload the stomach beyond its powers and lim-
its, distending it so that it occupies so much space as to cripple
the laws of digestion and retain the food, decomposition will set
up an irritation of the nerves of the mucous membranes to such
an extent as to cause sickness and vomiting. When the nerves
cannot take up nutrition, they will take up destruction and
other elements which are detrimental to the process of nutri-
tion, and there is no other chance for relief except in "unload-
ing." The stomach itself is a sac. When filled to its greatest
capacity, it irritates all the surroundings, and in return they
irritate the stomach. Thus it unloads naturally for relief.
Now we wish to treat of another vessel similar in size, similar
in all its actions, which receives nourishment for a being, which
nourishment is contained in the blood, and conveyed from the
channels commonly known as uterine arteries. To all intents
and purposes, this nourishment is taken there to sustain animal
life. After having constructed the machinery, it appropriates
the blood to the growth and existence of a human being. This
is the womb. The placenta in the womb is provided with all
the machinery necessary to the preparation of blood that is
used for all purposes in the formation and development of a
child. Both the stomach and womb receive and distribute
nourishment to sustain animal life. Both get sick; both vomit

OBSTETRICS. 3O9

when irritated, and discharge their load by the natural law of
"throw up" and "throw down." Now note the difference and
govern yourselves accordingly. The one is the upper stomach
that takes coarser material and refines the unrefined substan-
ces, and keeps the outer man in form and being. The other
contains the inner man or child, and by the law of ejection, when
it becomes an irritant, it is thrown out by the nerves that gov-
ern the muscles of ejection.

CAUSE.

Diseases of the nerves of the pelvis come from pressure of
the bowels and other organs of the abdomen and osseous dis-
turbances. Thus we have a cause for morning sickness in preg-
nancy. All the nerves of the pelvis are pressed down upon
from above by the weight of the large and small intestines and
the weight of the womb pressing down upon the nerves of the
sacrum and pelvis. Thus morning sickness seems to be natural.
We would conclude, from the relation of arteries and nerves
which at this time begin an active upbuilding for the devel-
opment of the foetus, that any disturbance from the normal
would be a cause for this sickness.

TREATMENT.

To relieve such conditions, having the patient in the knee-
and-chest position will place the abdomen in the proper form
for unloading the pelvis of any impacted condition. Then place
the hands low down on the abdomen and draw the contents
of the pelvis forward toward the umbilicus and up from the pel-
vis, to give free passage of blood and other fluids circulating in
the lower part of the abdomen. Often the bowels are filled
with dry faecal matter and press upon the uterus, rectum, and
bladder, causing irritation of nerves of the organs of the abdo-
men, also pressing on the blood- and lymph-vessels, stopping

310 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

healthy action in the economy of life in the whole viscera. Thus
to be sick at the stomach would be natural. We reason that
to confuse the normal flow of the fluids that enter into the for-
mation of urine would cause these fluids to be taken up by other
secretory ducts and conveyed to nerve-peripheries and cells,
causing sickness at the stomach. We find, by any method of
reasoning, that morning sickness is the result of poisonous
fluids being taken up by the solar system, and that it is the
effort to get such poisons out of the system that makes vomiting
necessary.

To assist the young operator, we would suggest that he
refresh his mind, previous to proceeding with operations to
relieve the stomach of this irritable condition, by looking over
the nerve- and blood-supply of the uterus and other abdominal
organs. Know the nerve-supply of the uterus ; know the ova-
rian plexus and the inferior hypogastric and sacral nerves,
with which you are no doubt familiar. The blood-supply of
the uterus comes from the ovarian, vaginal, and uterine arteries,
with which the student should also be familiar.

DEVELOPMENT OP THE

Just as long as digestion and assimilation keep hi harmony
and the mother generates good blood in abundance, the child
grows, and by nature the womb is willing to let the work of
building the body of the child go on indefinitely. But Nature
has placed all the functions of animal life under laws that are
absolute and must be obeyed. We are asked to note the sim-
ilarity of the stomach and womb, as both receive and pass
nutriment to a body for assimilation and growth. When a
stomach gets overloaded, sickness begins, because digestion and
assimilation have stopped; then the decaying matter is taken
up by the terminal nerves and conveyed to the solar plexus,
causing the nerves of ejection to throw the dying matter out of

OBSTETRICS. 1 311

the stomach. Try your reason and see the stomach below
sicken and unload its burden. Is this sickness natural and
wisely caused? If this is not the philosophy of midwifery,
what is? As soon as a being takes possession of its room, the
commissary of supplies begins to furnish rations for that being,
which has to build for itself a dwelling-place. The house must
be built strictly to the letter of the specifications. Much bone
and flesh must be put into the house, and some of all elements
known to the chemist must be used and wisely blended to give
strength. All material to be used hi the house must be exact
in form and of given strength, sufficient to furnish the forces
that may be necessary to execute the hard and continued labors
of the machinery that is used in all these transactions and
motions of mind and body. Now we must go to the manufact-
uring chief and have him, through the quartermaster, deliver
and keep a full supply of all kinds of material for the work, and
when the engine is done, put it on an inclined plane and cut
the stay-chains and let it run out of the shop. Be careful not
to let the engine deface or tear the door as it comes out. A
question is asked : On what road does the quartermaster send
the supplies? As there is but one system over which the engine
can bring supplies, we will call that road the uterine system of
arteries. The machinist replies that he will open the door of
this great manufacturing shop and let the engine roll out by
the power and methods prepared to run out finished work.
First you see a door open because the lock is taken off by a key
that opens all mysteries. The great ropes that have been far
inferior to the power of resistance that has held the door shut
are all-sufficient in power. By getting sick, muscles become
convulsed with force enough to easily push the new engine of
life out into open space, by Nature's team that never fails to
deliver all goods entrusted to its care.

312 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

PREPARATION

A student of midwifery can only learn a few general prin-
ciples before he gets into the field of experience. Actual con-
tact with labor teaches him that much that he has read is of but
little use to him at the bedside. What he needs to know is
what he will have to do after he gets there. He must know
the form and size of the bones of a woman and how large a hole
the three bones of the pelvis make, for the reason that the
child's head will soon come through that space. He must know
a normal head cannot come through a pelvis that has been
crushed in so much as to bring the pubes within 1% to 2\
inches of the sacrum. He must examine and know these con-
ditions soon after he is called, for the reason that he will have
to use instruments in such deformities, and may wish the
counsel of an older and more experienced doctor. This pre-
caution will give him time to be ready for any emergency.

More than 90 per cent of all cases, however, are of a very
simple nature. The mother is warned by pains in the back
and womb at repeated intervals of one-half hour or less. When
by the finger the doctor can tell the mouth of the womb has
opened to the size of a quarter or half-dollar, he then may know
that labor will soon start, and at this time it is well to call for
twine and prepare two strings about a foot long to tie around
the navel-cord.

CAUTION.

The first duty of the obstetrician is to carefully examine
the bones of the pelvis and spine of the mother, to ascertain if
they are normal in shape and position. If there is any doubt
about the spine and pelvis being in good condition for the
passage of the head through the bones, and you find the pelvic
deformity enough to prohibit the passage of the head, notify
the parties of the danger in the case at once, and that you do

OBSTETRICS. 313

not wish to take the responsibility alone, as it may require
instruments to deliver the child and there is danger of death to
the child and to the mother also, but less danger to the mother
than to the child. Now you have done that which is a safeguard
against all troubles following criminal ignorance.

FIRST EXAMINATION.

I will give you a condensed rule of procedure in all normal
cases of obstetrics. With the index finger, examine the os
uteri; if closed and only backache, have the patient turn on
her right side, and press the hand on the abdomen above the
pelvis, and gently press or lift the belly up just enough to allow
the blood to pass down and up the pelvis and limbs. Relax all
nerves of the pelvis at the pubes.

SECOND EXAMINATION.

Wait a few hours and examine the os again. If still closed
and no periodical pains are present, you are safe to leave the
case in the hands of the nurse, instructed to send for you if reg-
ular pains return at intervals. On your return, explore the os
again, and if it is found to open as large as a dime, you are noti-
fied that labor has begun its work of delivery. You now place
the patient on her back, propped to an easy angle of nearly 30
degrees, with a rubber blanket in place. After you find the os
dilated to nearly the size of a dollar, then relax the nerves at
the pubes. Soon you will find in the mouth of the womb an
egg-shaped pouch of water, which you must not press with the
fingers until very late in labor, for fear of stopping labor for
perhaps many hours. Remember the head can and does turn in
the pelvis to suit the easiest passage through the bones, while
in the fluids of the amniotic sac. Now, as you know why not
to rupture the sac and spill the fluids, you are prepared to pro-
ceed to other duties, which are to prevent rupture of the per-

314 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

ineum. Place the left hand on the belly, about two inches
above the symphysis, and push the soft parts down with the
left hand ; support the perineum with the right hand until the
head passes over. This is necessary to prevent rupture of the
perineum. If you follow this law of Nature, laceration may
occur in one out of a thousand cases, and you will be to blame
for that one, and may be censured for criminal ignorance.

Now you have conducted the head safely through the pel-
vis and vagina to the world. You will find the pains stop right
short off for about a minute, and that is the time to learn
whether the navel-cord is wrapped around the child's neck. If
it is found twisted around the neck once or more, you must slip
a finger around the neck and loosen the cord, to let blood pass
through the cord until the next pain comes, in order to ward off
asphyxia of the child.

CARE OF THE CORD.

When the next pain comes, gently pull the child's head
down toward the bed. There is no danger of hurting the per-
ineum now that the head has passed the soft parts. At this
time the danger is suffocation of the child. Never draw the
child too far away from mother's birth-place by force, as you
may tear the navel-string from the child and cause it to bleed
to death. If you value the life of the child, then you must be
careful not to place the navel end of the string in any danger
of being torn off. Now you have done good work for both
mother and child. The child is in the world, and you want to
show the mother a living baby for her labor and suffering of
the past nine months. The baby is born, and the mother is
not torn. But the baby has not yet cried. Turn it on its side,
face down, run your finger in its mouth, and draw out all fluids,
thick or thin, to allow air into the lungs. Then blow cold
breath on its face and breast to stimulate the lungs into action.

OBSTETRICS. 315

SEVERING THE CORD.

The baby cries and all is safe. Baby is born and cries
nicely, but still has the cord fastened to the afterbirth. It has
no further use for the cord, as life does not depend on blood
from the afterbirth any longer. Take the cord about three
inches from the child's belly, between your thumb and finger,
and strip toward the child to push the bowels out of the cord
if there should be any in it, as a safeguard for the bowels ; then
tie a strong string around the cord first, three inches from the
child's belly, and second, four inches; take the cord in your
hand and attend carefully to what you are doing. If the baby's
hand should fall back to the cord, you might cut off one or two
fingers, or wound the hand or arm very seriously. Cut the
cord between the two strings just tied around the navel-string,
and look out for your scissors ; then pass the child over to the
nurse to be washed and dressed, while you deliver the after-
birth from the pelvis or womb.

DRESSING THE CORD.

As the child is cared for, cut a hole the sire of your thumb
in a doubled piece of cloth, five inches long by four wide, put
the hole two inches from one end, and run the cord through
the hole. I,ay the cloth aross the child's belly; then fold the
cloth lengthwise over the cord, which must lie across the child
so it will not stretch the cord by handling or straightening the
child out. Now you are ready to finish the delivery of the
afterbirth. You have a plug of soft and tender flesh to get out
of the womb and vagina.

DELIVERY OF THE AFTERBIRTH.

As the afterbirth has grown tight to the womb during all
the days of the mother's pregnancy, furnishing all the blood
to build and keep the child alive in the womb for nine months,

3l6 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY.

it has done all it can do for the child and is now ready to leave
the womb. You are there to assist it to get out of the place it
has occupied so long. You must begin to rotate or roll the pla-
centa, first one way and then another, up, down, and across the
vagina, by gently pulling the cord. Look out, or you will pull
the cord loose from the placenta, and then you will have made
your first blunder, with no cord with which to pull the placenta
out, and the mother bleeding and faint from loss of blood.
Now is the time and place to save life. Pass your hand for-
ward into the soft parts to get your fingers behind the placenta ;
now give a rolling pull and bring it out with the hand. You
will find it an easy matter to get your hand into the vagina and
womb after the birth of the child. Get all the placenta out;
then take a wad of cloth as large as the child's head and press it
under the cross-bone of the pelvis ; push the cloth under and
up, so as to completely plug the pelvis. Now pull the hair
gently over the symphysis, which will cause the womb to con-
tract by irritation.

CARE OF THE MOTHER.

All is now done excepting provision for the mother's com-
fort, which is your next duty. Draw her chemise down her
back and legs until it is straight ; then, with safety-pins, pin the
chemise on the inner side of the thighs, so that the chemise will
go around each thigh separately. Now you have the shirt fast
to keep it from sliding upward, and you are ready to make a
band of the chemise to support the womb and abdomen. Bring
the chemise tightly together for two or three inches above the
pelvis to form a band. Previous to pinning, draw the womb,
which you feel above the symphysis, up ; then pin, and the belt
you have made of the chemise will support the womb. All is
safe now, but you must not leave for two hours. You may
have delivered a child from a feeble woman who may flood to
death after the delivery of the child, if you do not leave her

OBSTETRICS. 317

safe. I have in mind one case who flooded all of two quarts at
a single dash. The first symptom was a pain in the head.

POST-DELIVERY HEMORRHAGE.

I know of only two causes that would produce hemorrhage
or bleeding after the child is delivered. One is when the after-
birth, the placenta, is separated from its attachment to the
womb and still retained in the womb or vagina, or when a part
is separated and still lies in the womb. That retention of pla-
centa preventing the natural circular contraction of the womb
to close on itself and retain it, with force enough to prevent
the further discharge of blood, would give a chance for a con-
tinued stream. Then, should the patient bleed profusely after
the placenta has been removed, another cause would be in pull-
ing away the afterbirth, as part of the upper portion of the
womb may be pulled to an inverted position, which would be
like a hat if you should press the top down with the hand.
Then there is a chance for leakage because of this unnatural
fold made in the womb.

TREATMENT.

My method of relief is to insert the hand and with the backs
of the fingers smooth out all folds. Before you draw the right
hand from the womb, place the left hand on the abdomen,
catch the womb between the thumb and finger, and withdraw
the hand. With the left hand pull the hair above the sym-
physis or scratch the flesh just above and across the region of
the symphysis, just enough to make an irritation. After the
hand is out of the vagina, pass a small bundle of cloths as far
under the symphysis as would be necessary to hold everything
up, and then fasten the chemise, beginning at the symphysis
and drawing it tight about two inches above the symphysis,
fastening it with strong pins. Be sure you keep the garment

31 8 PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OP OSTEOPATHY.

tight by pulling it down between the thighs. The coarser the
chemise the better, as you want to make a strong bandage at
that point, so as not to push the womb down into the pelvis. If
the patient's general health is fairly good, allow her to tell you
what she wants to eat and give it to her. Let her diet be in
line with her usual custom. You must remember that she has
just left the condition of a full abdomen. Lace her up, fill her
up, and make her comfortable for six hours; then change her
bedding.

DIET.

Remember this, that if you stop digestion for some hours
with teas, soups, and shadows to eat, you carry her to a condi-
tion where it would be dangerous to give her a hearty meal.
My experience and custom for forty years has been crowned
with good success. I never lost a case in confinement. I have
universally told the cook to give her plenty to eat.

TREATMENT OF THE BREAST.

If your patient begins to have fever, followed by chilly sen-
sations, with swelling of one or both breasts, I relieve that by
laying her arm ranging with her body. Let someone hold the
arm down to the bed ; then I place both of my hands under the
arm and pull it up with considerable force till I get it as high or
higher than the normal position of the shoulder. Then pull her
shoulder straight out from the body, a fairly good pull; then
pull the arm up on a straight line with the face, and be sure
that you have let loose the axillary and mammary veins, nerve,
and artery, which have been cramped by pulling the arm down
during delivery. No breast should become caked in the hands
of an osteopath. Do not bother about the bowels for two or
three days. It may be necessary to use the catheter if the
water should fail to pass off after inhibiting the pubic system.

OBSTETRICS. 319

This is straight midwifery, and will guide you through in at
least 90 per cent of the cases you will meet in normally formed
women.

Right here i wish to say one word. I think it is very
wrong to teach, talk, and spend so much time with pictures,
cuts, talks, and lectures, and hold up constantly to the view of
the student births coming from the worst possible deformities,
and call that a knowledge of midwifery. It is normal mid-
wifery you want to know and be well skilled in. The abnormal
formations are few and far between, and when a case of that
k.'tid does appear, it is your knowledge of the normal that guides
you through the variations. You will very likely neve*- find
two abnormal conditions presenting the same form of bone.
As this is intended only to present to students natural delivery,
I will let the subject drop with one word about the sore tongue
of the mother. Adjust her neck, and relieve constrictor and
other muscles that would impede any blood-vessel that should
drain the mouth and tongue. Remember this, that a horse that
is always hunting bugbears never finds a smooth road.

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